Influence of Income Level and Seasons on Quantity and Composition of Municipal Solid Waste: A Case Study of the Capital City of Pakistan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
- (1)
- Categorizing the population in socio-economic group
- (2)
- Sample Collection
- (3)
- Classifying and quantifying the fractions
- (4)
- Data Analysis.
2.1. Categorizing the Population in Socio-Economic Groups
2.2. Sample Collection
- (1)
- Survey of households
- (2)
- Collection of samples
- (3)
- Transportation of samples
- (4)
- Segregation of samples
- (5)
- Quantification of components of waste.
2.3. Classifying and Quantifying the Fractions
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Socio-Economic Influence on the Composition and Generation Rate of Waste
4.2. Socioeconomic Influence on the Composition and Generation Rate of Waste
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sr. No | Socioeconomic Group | Sectors in Each Group | Population | Households Studied |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | High Income Group | E-7, 8, 9 | 121,527 | 15 |
F5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 and I-8 | ||||
2 | Middle Income Group | G-7, 8, 9, 10,11 | 172,093 | 15 |
3 | Low Income Group | I-10 and I-9 | 62,983 | 15 |
Total | 18 sectors | 356,603 | 45 |
Waste Components | High Income Group | Middle Income Group | Low Income Group | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spring | Summer | Monson | Winter | Weighted | Spring | Summer | Monson | Winter | Weighted | Spring | Summer | Monson | Winter | Weighted | ||
Organic Waste | Vegetable Food Waste | 0.845 | 0.459 | 0.260 | 0.524 | 0.495 | 0.311 | 0.374 | 0.338 | 0.429 | 0.376 | 0.192 | 0.197 | 0.183 | 0.163 | 0.183 |
Yard Waste, Flowers | 0.093 | 0.040 | 0.040 | 0.056 | 0.052 | 0.009 | 0.004 | 0.008 | 0.003 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.003 | |
Animal Food Waste(bones) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.007 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
News print | 0.047 | 0.030 | 0.024 | 0.022 | 0.029 | 0.014 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.011 | 0.007 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.006 | |
Magazines | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Advertisements | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Books, Phone Books | 0.014 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.007 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.001 | |
Office paper | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Paper | Other Clean Paper | 0.008 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.011 | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Paper And Card Board | 0.070 | 0.015 | 0.019 | 0.037 | 0.030 | 0.012 | 0.009 | 0.022 | 0.026 | 0.017 | 0.011 | 0.005 | 0.013 | 0.016 | 0.011 | |
Kitchen Towels | 0.010 | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Dirty Paper (Tissue) | 0.015 | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.020 | 0.010 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.002 | |
Dirty Cardboard | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.002 | |
Cigarette Butts | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Other Clean Card Board | 0.000 | 0.014 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Tetra pack | Tetra Packs | 0.062 | 0.034 | 0.018 | 0.044 | 0.038 | 0.011 | 0.012 | 0.020 | 0.020 | 0.016 | 0.009 | 0.008 | 0.011 | 0.012 | 0.010 |
Juice Carton (Carton/Plastic/Aluminum) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Soft Plastic (Polythene. Gloves, Disposable Plates) | 0.050 | 0.031 | 0.013 | 0.033 | 0.031 | 0.017 | 0.009 | 0.015 | 0.023 | 0.016 | 0.011 | 0.007 | 0.010 | 0.023 | 0.013 | |
Plastic Bottles | 0.037 | 0.007 | 0.002 | 0.006 | 0.010 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.014 | 0.007 | 0.003 | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.004 | |
Plastic | Hard Plastics (Plates) | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Non Recyclable Plastic | 0.011 | 0.014 | 0.003 | 0.008 | 0.009 | 0.011 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.011 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.007 | 0.005 | |
Plastic Products (Toys, Hangers, Pens, Empty Tubes) | 0.006 | 0.017 | 0.008 | 0.015 | 0.013 | 0.016 | 0.018 | 0.019 | 0.012 | 0.016 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.005 | 0.011 | 0.006 | |
Diapers | Diapers | 0.131 | 0.026 | 0.042 | 0.051 | 0.052 | 0.058 | 0.064 | 0.060 | 0.078 | 0.067 | 0.062 | 0.055 | 0.038 | 0.112 | 0.071 |
Textile | Textile | 0.015 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.027 | 0.013 | 0.031 | 0.006 | 0.018 | 0.002 | 0.010 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.010 | 0.011 | 0.007 |
Disposal Sanitary Clothes | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.005 | 0.003 | |
Others | Wood | 0.007 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Shoes, Leather | 0.013 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.012 | 0.000 | 0.008 | 0.007 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.001 | |
Rubber | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.010 | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |
Glass | Clear Glass | 0.013 | 0.023 | 0.008 | 0.016 | 0.017 | 0.012 | 0.002 | 0.010 | 0.016 | 0.010 | 0.003 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.004 |
Green Glass | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Brown Glass | 0.031 | 0.003 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.007 | 0.009 | 0.006 | 0.001 | 0.016 | 0.008 | 0.006 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.003 | |
Non-Recyclable Glass | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.007 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Metals | Beverage Cans | 0.013 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Aluminum Foil And Container | 0.007 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.010 | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Food Cans (Tinplates/Steel) | 0.015 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.008 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Plastic-Coated Aluminum Foil | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.011 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.001 | |
Other Metals | 0.007 | 0.015 | 0.001 | 0.011 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.007 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | |
Other Non-Combustibles | Soil | 0.023 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Stones, Concrete | 0.018 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Ash, Coal | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Ceramics | 0.029 | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.006 | 0.010 | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.015 | 0.009 | 0.005 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.007 | 0.004 | |
Batteries | 0.007 | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Other Non-Combustibles | 0.003 | 0.009 | 0.001 | 0.015 | 0.008 | 0.007 | 0.002 | 0.016 | 0.009 | 0.007 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.002 | |
Total | Total | 1.608 | 0.776 | 0.475 | 0.949 | 0.890 | 0.556 | 0.550 | 0.568 | 0.733 | 0.612 | 0.335 | 0.310 | 0.306 | 0.416 | 0.346 |
Seasons of the Year | Moisture Content Percentage | ||
---|---|---|---|
High Income Group | Middle Income Group | Low Income Group | |
Spring | 72.3 | 72.4 | 71.63 |
Summer | 90.59 | 89.09 | 90.77 |
Rainy season | 88 | 88 | 88.8 |
Winter | 92.95 | 78.5 | 74.99 |
Average | 85.96 | 81.9975 | 81.5475 |
Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F (Value) | Sig. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Income | 0.054 | 2 | 0.027 | 59.658 | 0 |
Components | 4.474 | 41 | 0.109 | 242.092 | 0 |
Income * Components | 0.679 | 82 | 0.008 | 18.383 | 0 |
Total | 6.173 | 1512 |
(I) Income of the Socio-Economic Groups | (J) Income of the Socio-Economic Groups | Mean Difference (I-J) | Std. Error | Sig. | 95% Confidence Interval | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |||||
High | Middle | 0.00833850 * | 0.00134 | 0 | 0.0052 | 0.01148 |
Low | 0.01455692 * | 0.00134 | 0 | 0.01142 | 0.01769 | |
Middle | High | −0.00833850 * | 0.00134 | 0 | −0.0115 | −0.0052 |
Low | 0.00621842 * | 0.00134 | 0 | 0.00308 | 0.00936 | |
Low | High | −0.01455692 * | 0.00134 | 0 | −0.0177 | −0.0114 |
Middle | −0.00621842 * | 0.00134 | 0 | −0.0094 | −0.0031 |
Dependent Variable: Weight of the Components | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | Sig. | |
Season | 0.018 | 3 | 0.006 | 7.070 | 0.000 |
Components | 4.474 | 41 | 0.109 | 125.542 | 0.000 |
Season * Components | 0.171 | 123 | 0.001 | 1.602 | 0.000 |
Total | 6.173 | 1512 |
(I) Season of the Year | (J) Season of the Year | Mean Difference (I-J) | Std. Error | Sig. | 95% Confidence Interval | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |||||
Spring | Summer | 0.00687789 * | 0.0021444 | 0.007 | 0.0013618 | 0.0123939 |
Monsoon | 0.00913399 * | 0.0021444 | 0 | 0.0036179 | 0.01465 | |
Winter | 0.0031782 | 0.0021444 | 0.449 | −0.002338 | 0.0086943 | |
Summer | Spring | −0.00687789 * | 0.0021444 | 0.007 | −0.012394 | −0.001362 |
Monsoon | 0.0022561 | 0.0021444 | 0.719 | -0.00326 | 0.0077722 | |
Winter | −0.0037 | 0.0021444 | 0.311 | −0.009216 | 0.0018164 | |
Monsoon | Spring | −0.00913399 * | 0.0021444 | 0 | −0.01465 | −0.003618 |
Summer | −0.002256 | 0.0021444 | 0.719 | −0.007772 | 0.00326 | |
Winter | −0.00595574 * | 0.0021444 | 0.028 | −0.011472 | −0.00044 | |
Winter | Spring | -0.003178 | 0.0021444 | 0.449 | −0.008694 | 0.0023378 |
Summer | 0.0036997 | 0.0021444 | 0.311 | −0.001816 | 0.0092157 | |
Monsoon | 0.00595574 * | 0.0021444 | 0.028 | 0.0004397 | 0.0114718 |
Sr. No | Waste Fractions | Islamabad City | Gulberg Town (Lahore) [56] | Aziz Bhatti Town (Lahore) [57] | DGB Town (Lahore) [16] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | % | % | % | ||
1 | Paper | 7.26 | 4.13 | 6.38 | 5.04 |
2 | Glass | 2.79 | 4.1 | 2.3 | 2.19 |
3 | Ferrous Metals | 0.64 | - | 0.7 | 0.02 |
4 | Nonferrous Metals | 1.04 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.47 |
5 | Rigid Plastic | 3.11 | 4.11 | 1.9 | 5.55 |
6 | Film Plastic | 4.38 | 4.22 | 5 | 12.94 |
7 | Organic | 59.95 | 68.07 | 63.8 | 67.02 |
8 | Textile | 1.81 | 4.19 | 0.4 | 1 |
9 | Others | 19.2 | 10.78 | 19.12 | 5.77 |
10 | Total | 100.18 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
© 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Zia, A.; Batool, S.A.; Chauhdry, M.N.; Munir, S. Influence of Income Level and Seasons on Quantity and Composition of Municipal Solid Waste: A Case Study of the Capital City of Pakistan. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1568. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091568
Zia A, Batool SA, Chauhdry MN, Munir S. Influence of Income Level and Seasons on Quantity and Composition of Municipal Solid Waste: A Case Study of the Capital City of Pakistan. Sustainability. 2017; 9(9):1568. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091568
Chicago/Turabian StyleZia, Amina, Syeda Adila Batool, Muhammad Nawaz Chauhdry, and Soniya Munir. 2017. "Influence of Income Level and Seasons on Quantity and Composition of Municipal Solid Waste: A Case Study of the Capital City of Pakistan" Sustainability 9, no. 9: 1568. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091568