Diverse Effects of Consumer Credit on Household Carbon Emissions at Quantiles: Evidence from Urban China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Empirical Specification
2.1. Impact Factor Consideration
2.2. Empirical Methods
3. Data and Variables
3.1. Data Sources
3.2. Variables
4. Empirical Results and Analysis
5. Discussion
5.1. Relations of Consumer Credit and Consumption Patterns
5.2. Determination of Consumption Patterns on Household Carbon Emissions
5.3. Mediation of Consumption Amount in the Effect of Consumer Credit on HCEs
5.4. Effect of Consumption Structure in the Relation of Consumer Credit and HCEs
6. Conclusions and Implications
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Region | City | Popn. Share | Per capita Income (Yuan per Year) a | Per capita Expenditure (Yuan per Month) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Std. Dev. | Min | Max | Mean | Std. Dev. | Min | Max | |||
North China | Baotou | 0.01888 | 26,565.75 | 19,940.32 | 1000.00 | 150,000 | 1025.72 | 752.29 | 23.33 | 6550 |
Beijing | 0.07207 | 67,051.58 | 82,152.63 | 1071.43 | 666,667 | 3138.19 | 5939.59 | 157.14 | 61,638 | |
Shuozhou | 0.01784 | 14,369.49 | 11,824.77 | 750.00 | 66,667 | 736.50 | 691.91 | 108.33 | 4825 | |
North East | Luoyang | 0.08368 | 36,134.22 | 50,205.00 | 3333.33 | 600,000 | 1991.72 | 4738.48 | 180.00 | 71,667 |
Jilin | 0.02200 | 17,145.34 | 11,585.27 | 5000.00 | 116,667 | 848.07 | 407.11 | 156.25 | 2200 | |
Yinchun | 0.01940 | 15,109.96 | 8784.74 | 1904.76 | 60,000 | 669.15 | 332.69 | 98.00 | 2060 | |
East China | Anqing | 0.01386 | 16,325.87 | 10,107.41 | 1666.67 | 66,667 | 614.17 | 324.19 | 104.00 | 1750 |
Shanghai | 0.09425 | 47,217.01 | 46,788.33 | 5000.00 | 400,000 | 2318.43 | 4390.10 | 200.00 | 58,100 | |
Nanchang | 0.03378 | 20,839.45 | 15,813.10 | 3500.00 | 150,000 | 873.94 | 457.02 | 130.00 | 2967 | |
Xuzhou | 0.02131 | 25,429.81 | 24,350.74 | 5000.00 | 200,000 | 989.93 | 735.99 | 181.91 | 6470 | |
Jinan | 0.06306 | 28,230.30 | 30,454.13 | 2500.00 | 266,667 | 1746.04 | 5244.71 | 98.80 | 61,429 | |
South China | Guangzhou | 0.07918 | 42,939.01 | 41,446.94 | 1666.67 | 375,000 | 2544.66 | 7189.78 | 68.18 | 111,333 |
Guilin | 0.02131 | 20,188.39 | 27,641.28 | 2500.00 | 250,000 | 902.06 | 862.99 | 105.71 | 7700 | |
Haikou | 0.02789 | 19,058.40 | 21,580.56 | 2666.67 | 150,000 | 940.27 | 788.69 | 130.80 | 5575 | |
Quanzhou | 0.01213 | 45,249.49 | 61,923.45 | 5000.00 | 416,667 | 1187.62 | 1013.21 | 302.50 | 5440 | |
Central China | Luoyang | 0.02893 | 13,120.46 | 8559.61 | 3000.00 | 66,667 | 650.77 | 427.04 | 200.00 | 3925 |
Wuhan | 0.08108 | 32,464.46 | 38,960.66 | 2000.00 | 666,667 | 1199.28 | 934.56 | 172.00 | 10,340 | |
Zhuzhou | 0.02287 | 16,912.75 | 7064.03 | 2500.00 | 48,000 | 597.34 | 348.63 | 246.67 | 3400 | |
North West | Baiyin | 0.01854 | 14,119.95 | 14,428.40 | 1666.67 | 110,000 | 777.31 | 1125.81 | 100.00 | 11,500 |
Urumqi | 0.02529 | 30,477.31 | 34,086.90 | 6000.00 | 300,000 | 1123.80 | 748.31 | 220.00 | 4550 | |
Xi’an | 0.06341 | 44,604.28 | 47,021.38 | 3333.33 | 500,000 | 2342.09 | 5070.07 | 216.67 | 62,500 | |
South West | Chongqing | 0.10187 | 39,343.77 | 46,766.45 | 3333.33 | 500,000 | 1688.89 | 1537.78 | 216.67 | 11,375 |
Kunming | 0.03448 | 37,471.34 | 36,496.78 | 7500.00 | 350,000 | 1335.01 | 892.11 | 290.00 | 5050 | |
Panzhihua | 0.02287 | 17,241.54 | 11,194.16 | 3000.00 | 90,000 | 870.97 | 564.26 | 182.00 | 5120 |
Variable | Definition | Sample Number | Mean | Std. Dev. | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food | Food | 5746 | 570.99 | 1379.62 | 0 | 52,500 |
Cloth | Clothing | 5746 | 231.48 | 684.59 | 0 | 16,666.67 |
Facilities | Household facilities | 5746 | 161.15 | 877.47 | 0 | 33,333.33 |
Housing | Housing | 5746 | 166.16 | 442.83 | 0 | 15,000 |
Communication | Communication | 5746 | 82.36 | 163.03 | 0 | 5000 |
Transport | Transport | 5746 | 124.30 | 390.56 | 0 | 15,000 |
Medical care | Medical care | 5746 | 63.92 | 216.51 | 0 | 6666.67 |
Recreation | Education, cultural and recreation services | 5746 | 170.98 | 734.53 | 0 | 30,000 |
Variable | Obs | Mean | Std. Dev. | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mortgage | 5746 | 2.54 | 3.75 | 1 | 17 |
Short-term credit | 5746 | 1.20 | 1.02 | 1 | 16 |
Credit card | 5746 | 15,571.06 | 70,111.81 | 0 | 3,000,000 |
Mortgage payment | 5746 | 643.31 | 10,020.80 | 0 | 500,000 |
Short-term payment | 5746 | 7937.26 | 73,507.13 | 0 | 3,000,000 |
Income | 5746 | 5,799,640 | 9.78 × 107 | 5000 | 5.00 × 109 |
Income expectation | 5746 | 3.503829 | 0.833003 | 0 | 5 |
Size | 5746 | 3.472329 | 1.433656 | 1 | 18 |
Marriage | 5746 | 0.665681 | 0.471793 | 0 | 1 |
Gender | 5746 | 0.474765 | 0.499406 | 0 | 1 |
Education | 5746 | 2.512182 | 0.785159 | 1 | 5 |
House ownership | 5746 | 6.718761 | 4.570110 | 1 | 17 |
Car ownership | 5746 | 2.584058 | 3.168145 | 1 | 17 |
Variable | VIF | Variable | VIF |
---|---|---|---|
Mortgage | 1.93 | 7 | 2.95 |
Short-term credit | 1.07 | 8 | 2.58 |
Credit card | 4.79 | 9 | 5.27 |
Mortgage payment | 4.82 | 10 | 3.45 |
Short-term payment | 1.85 | 11 | 3.06 |
Income | 1.44 | 12 | 3.36 |
Income expectation | 1.08 | 13 | 2.63 |
Size | 4.17 | 14 | 1.89 |
Marriage | 1.45 | 15 | 7.37 |
Gender | 1.06 | 16 | 6.61 |
Education | 1.47 | 17 | 2.33 |
House ownership | 1.74 | 18 | 2.79 |
Car ownership | 1.44 | 19 | 6.43 |
Citiy: 2 | 2.31 | 20 | 5.36 |
3 | 2.33 | 21 | 2.52 |
4 | 6.08 | 22 | 2.43 |
5 | 6.29 | 23 | 7.68 |
6 | 2.52 | 24 | 2.64 |
Mean VIF | 3.31 |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mortgage | 0.00472 * | 0.00549 ** | 0.00670 ** | ||||
(0.00271) | (0.00280) | (0.00287) | |||||
Short-term credit | 0.0400 *** | 0.0430 *** | 0.0455 *** | ||||
(0.0107) | (0.0107) | (0.0106) | |||||
Credit card | 0.00748 *** | 0.00895 *** | |||||
(0.00202) | (0.00198) | ||||||
Mortgage payment | 0.00498 | ||||||
(0.00336) | |||||||
Short-term payment | 0.0119 *** | ||||||
(0.00286) | |||||||
Income | 1.179 *** | 1.189 *** | 1.197 *** | 1.194 *** | 1.190 *** | 1.189 *** | 1.201 *** |
(0.0630) | (0.0629) | (0.0631) | (0.0628) | (0.0630) | (0.0631) | (0.0631) | |
Square of Income | −0.0478 *** | −0.0483 *** | −0.0486 *** | −0.0485 *** | −0.0483 *** | −0.0482 *** | −0.0487 *** |
(0.00303) | (0.00303) | (0.00303) | (0.00302) | (0.00303) | (0.00303) | (0.00303) | |
Income expectation | 0.0126 | 0.0150 | 0.0138 | 0.0158 | 0.0118 | 0.0116 | 0.0146 |
(0.0105) | (0.0105) | (0.0105) | (0.0105) | (0.0105) | (0.0105) | (0.0105) | |
Size | −0.129 *** | −0.128 *** | −0.126 *** | −0.127 *** | −0.127 *** | −0.127 *** | −0.126 *** |
(0.00968) | (0.00968) | (0.00978) | (0.00966) | (0.00976) | (0.00974) | (0.00977) | |
Marriage | −0.0832 *** | −0.0855 *** | −0.0893 *** | −0.0824 *** | −0.0832 *** | −0.0846 *** | −0.0880 *** |
(0.0200) | (0.0201) | (0.0201) | (0.0200) | (0.0200) | (0.0200) | (0.0201) | |
Gender | 0.0267 | 0.0271 * | 0.0292 * | 0.0276 * | 0.0291 * | 0.0292 * | 0.0290 * |
(0.0163) | (0.0163) | (0.0164) | (0.0164) | (0.0163) | (0.0164) | (0.0164) | |
Education | 0.00797 | 0.0184 | 0.0202 * | 0.0211 * | 0.0105 | 0.0109 | 0.0211 * |
(0.0117) | (0.0115) | (0.0115) | (0.0114) | (0.0117) | (0.0116) | (0.0115) | |
House ownership | −0.0243 *** | −0.0239 *** | −0.0240 *** | −0.0228 *** | −0.0233 *** | −0.0238 *** | −0.0232 *** |
(0.00271) | (0.00271) | (0.00273) | (0.00268) | (0.00268) | (0.00270) | (0.00269) | |
Car ownership | 0.0371 *** | 0.0376 *** | 0.0382 *** | 0.0375 *** | 0.0375 *** | 0.0379 *** | 0.0383 *** |
(0.00362) | (0.00361) | (0.00362) | (0.00361) | (0.00363) | (0.00363) | (0.00363) | |
City | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
(--) | (--) | (--) | (--) | (--) | (--) | (--) | |
Constant | −1.786 *** | −1.875 *** | −1.874 *** | −1.908 *** | −1.803 *** | −1.790 *** | −1.892 *** |
(0.319) | (0.318) | (0.318) | (0.316) | (0.319) | (0.320) | (0.318) | |
Observations | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 |
R-squared | 0.507 | 0.506 | 0.503 | 0.505 | 0.504 | 0.504 | 0.503 |
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Consumer Expenditure | Consumption (Billion Yuan) | Embedded Carbon Emissions (MtC) | Carbon Intensity (kg C/Yuan) |
---|---|---|---|
Food | 2133.81 | 71.9 | 0.033696 |
Clothing, household facilities and medical care | 908.09 | 64.47 | 0.070995 |
Housing | 262.07 | 74.08 | 0.282673 |
Transport and communication services | 524.15 | 33.6 | 0.064104 |
Education, cultural and recreation services | 336.24 | 13.26 | 0.039436 |
Miscellaneous commodities and services | 3059.17 | 136.94 | 0.044764 |
Total | 7223.54 | 394.24 | 0.054577 |
Variables | Definitions |
---|---|
Mortgage | The level of the household loan for housing, the value of which is between 1 and 17. |
Short-term credit | The level of the household short-term (no more than one year) loan for consumption, the value of which is between 1 and 17. |
Credit card | The logarithm of the credit card limit for a household (unit: Yuan). |
Mortgage payment | The logarithm of the monthly mortgage payment of a household (unit: Yuan). |
Short-term payment | The logarithm of the monthly repayment for the short-term consumer loans of a household (unit: Yuan). |
Income | The logarithm of the per capita income of a household. |
Square of income | The square of the logarithm of the per capita income of a household. |
Income expectation | The income expectation of a household. |
Size | The number of persons in a household. |
Marriage | The married state of the surveyed (married = 1, or 0). |
Gender | The gender of the surveyed (male = 1, or 0). |
Education | The education level of the surveyed. |
House ownership | The number of houses owned by a household. |
Car ownership | The number of cars owned by a household. |
City | The city a household lives in. |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mortgage | 0.00647 ** | 0.00755 ** | 0.00894 *** | ||||
(0.00316) | (0.00330) | (0.00339) | |||||
Short-term credit | 0.0448 *** | 0.0491 *** | 0.0525 *** | ||||
(0.0111) | (0.0111) | (0.0110) | |||||
Credit card | 0.0102 *** | 0.0120 *** | |||||
(0.00212) | (0.00209) | ||||||
Mortgage payment | 0.00873 ** | ||||||
(0.00352) | |||||||
Short-term payment | 0.0163 *** | ||||||
(0.00298) | |||||||
Income | 0.160 *** | 0.162 *** | 0.164 *** | 0.163 *** | 0.163 *** | 0.165 *** | 0.162 *** |
(0.0187) | (0.0189) | (0.0191) | (0.0190) | (0.0190) | (0.0192) | (0.0190) | |
Income expectation | 0.0384 *** | 0.0420 *** | 0.0408 *** | 0.0432 *** | 0.0379 *** | 0.0419 *** | 0.0376 *** |
(0.0110) | (0.0110) | (0.0110) | (0.0110) | (0.0110) | (0.0110) | (0.0110) | |
Size | −0.190 *** | −0.189 *** | −0.188 *** | −0.189 *** | −0.189 *** | −0.188 *** | −0.188 *** |
(0.00990) | (0.00993) | (0.0100) | (0.00993) | (0.01000) | (0.0100) | (0.00997) | |
Marriage | −0.0588 *** | −0.0616 *** | −0.0658 *** | −0.0572 *** | −0.0578 *** | −0.0650 *** | −0.0576 *** |
(0.0210) | (0.0211) | (0.0212) | (0.0210) | (0.0210) | (0.0212) | (0.0210) | |
Gender | 0.0421 ** | 0.0429 ** | 0.0453 *** | 0.0437 ** | 0.0451 *** | 0.0447 *** | 0.0461 *** |
(0.0172) | (0.0173) | (0.0173) | (0.0173) | (0.0172) | (0.0173) | (0.0172) | |
Education | 0.0469 *** | 0.0616 *** | 0.0640 *** | 0.0656 *** | 0.0506 *** | 0.0644 *** | 0.0530 *** |
(0.0122) | (0.0119) | (0.0119) | (0.0119) | (0.0122) | (0.0120) | (0.0120) | |
House ownership | −0.0161 *** | −0.0155 *** | −0.0155 *** | −0.0138 *** | −0.0146 *** | −0.0147 *** | −0.0147 *** |
(0.00282) | (0.00283) | (0.00285) | (0.00278) | (0.00279) | (0.00280) | (0.00279) | |
Car ownership | 0.0553 *** | 0.0562 *** | 0.0570 *** | 0.0562 *** | 0.0559 *** | 0.0573 *** | 0.0563 *** |
(0.00386) | (0.00385) | (0.00387) | (0.00386) | (0.00388) | (0.00388) | (0.00388) | |
City | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
(--) | (--) | (--) | (--) | (--) | (--) | (--) | |
Constant | 2.957 *** | 2.896 *** | 2.931 *** | 2.879 *** | 2.985 *** | 2.931 *** | 2.991 *** |
(0.162) | (0.162) | (0.163) | (0.162) | (0.163) | (0.163) | (0.163) | |
Observations | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 |
R-squared | 0.451 | 0.448 | 0.445 | 0.447 | 0.447 | 0.444 | 0.447 |
Quantile | (0.1) | (0.2) | (0.3) | (0.4) | (0.5) | (0.6) | (0.7) | (0.8) | (0.9) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | ||||||||||
Mortgage | 0.00340 | 0.00274 | 0.00260 | 0.00219 | 0.00248 | 0.00417 * | 0.00935 *** | 0.0129 *** | 0.0213 *** | |
(0.00296) | (0.00243) | (0.00236) | (0.00217) | (0.00194) | (0.00214) | (0.00226) | (0.00264) | (0.00429) | ||
Short-term credit | 0.0247 ** | 0.0278 *** | 0.0296 *** | 0.0317 *** | 0.0285 *** | 0.0355 *** | 0.0329 *** | 0.0425 *** | 0.0770 *** | |
(0.0118) | (0.00969) | (0.00944) | (0.00869) | (0.00774) | (0.00854) | (0.00903) | (0.0106) | (0.0172) | ||
Credit card | 0.00540 * | 0.00649 *** | 0.00733 *** | 0.00738 *** | 0.00747 *** | 0.00868 *** | 0.0113 *** | 0.00916 *** | 0.0118 *** | |
(0.00277) | (0.00227) | (0.00221) | (0.00203) | (0.00181) | (0.00200) | (0.00211) | (0.00247) | (0.00401) | ||
Income | 0.0586 *** | 0.136 *** | 0.213 *** | 0.300 *** | 0.363 *** | 0.414 *** | 0.439 *** | 0.460 *** | 0.462 *** | |
(0.0124) | (0.0101) | (0.00986) | (0.00908) | (0.00809) | (0.00892) | (0.00944) | (0.0110) | (0.0179) | ||
Income expectation | 0.0488 *** | 0.0609 *** | 0.0456 *** | 0.0308 *** | 0.0289 *** | 0.0155 | 0.0260 ** | 0.0189 | 0.00401 | |
(0.0147) | (0.0121) | (0.0118) | (0.0108) | (0.00964) | (0.0106) | (0.0112) | (0.0131) | (0.0214) | ||
Size | −0.226 *** | −0.206 *** | −0.192 *** | −0.164 *** | −0.148 *** | −0.136 *** | −0.129 *** | −0.125 *** | −0.117 *** | |
(0.00924) | (0.00757) | (0.00737) | (0.00679) | (0.00605) | (0.00667) | (0.00706) | (0.00825) | (0.0134) | ||
Marriage | 0.119 *** | 0.0266 | −0.0361 | −0.0778 *** | −0.0853 *** | −0.121 *** | −0.133 *** | −0.114 *** | −0.118 *** | |
(0.0278) | (0.0228) | (0.0222) | (0.0204) | (0.0182) | (0.0201) | (0.0212) | (0.0248) | (0.0403) | ||
Gender | 0.0490 ** | 0.0478 ** | 0.0325 * | 0.0280 | 0.0154 | 0.00562 | 0.0143 | 0.0173 | 0.0290 | |
(0.0243) | (0.0199) | (0.0194) | (0.0179) | (0.0159) | (0.0176) | (0.0186) | (0.0217) | (0.0353) | ||
Education | 0.0746 *** | 0.0440 *** | 0.0398 *** | 0.0327 ** | 0.0314 *** | 0.0143 | 0.00409 | 0.0109 | 0.00219 | |
(0.0176) | (0.0144) | (0.0140) | (0.0129) | (0.0115) | (0.0127) | (0.0134) | (0.0157) | (0.0255) | ||
House ownership | 0.00298 | −0.00717 *** | −0.00782 *** | −0.0152 *** | −0.0213 *** | −0.0243 *** | −0.0289 *** | −0.0366 *** | −0.0353 *** | |
(0.00333) | (0.00273) | (0.00266) | (0.00245) | (0.00218) | (0.00241) | (0.00255) | (0.00297) | (0.00483) | ||
Car ownership | 0.0440 *** | 0.0473 *** | 0.0439 *** | 0.0420 *** | 0.0394 *** | 0.0366 *** | 0.0356 *** | 0.0400 *** | 0.0371 *** | |
(0.00443) | (0.00363) | (0.00353) | (0.00325) | (0.00290) | (0.00320) | (0.00338) | (0.00395) | (0.00642) | ||
City | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
(--) | (--) | (--) | (--) | (--) | (--) | (--) | (--) | (--) | ||
Constant | 2.824 *** | 2.651 *** | 2.336 *** | 1.886 *** | 1.584 *** | 1.363 *** | 1.289 *** | 1.278 *** | 1.731 *** | |
(0.200) | (0.137) | (0.113) | (0.0963) | (0.0925) | (0.0867) | (0.109) | (0.141) | (0.184) | ||
Observations | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 |
Quantile | (0.1) | (0.2) | (0.3) | (0.4) | (0.5) | (0.6) | (0.7) | (0.8) | (0.9) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | ||||||||||
Mortgage | 0.00262 | 0.00350 | 0.000687 | −0.00101 | 0.00004 | 0.00204 * | 0.00294 * | 0.00553 *** | 0.00597 ** | |
(0.00183) | (0.00246) | (0.00205) | (0.00123) | (0.00160) | (0.00120) | (0.00162) | (0.00189) | (0.00256) | ||
Short-term credit | 0.0277 *** | 0.0159 ** | 0.0181 *** | 0.0259 *** | 0.0268 *** | 0.0328 *** | 0.0259 *** | 0.0323 *** | 0.0283 *** | |
(0.00801) | (0.00716) | (0.00697) | (0.00570) | (0.00634) | (0.00493) | (0.00673) | (0.00826) | (0.0106) | ||
Credit card | 0.00167 | 0.00306* | 0.00464 *** | 0.00597 *** | 0.00670 *** | 0.00600 *** | 0.00513 *** | 0.00415 ** | 0.00634 ** | |
(0.00199) | (0.00171) | (0.00166) | (0.00134) | (0.00149) | (0.00117) | (0.00165) | (0.00199) | (0.00276) | ||
Income | 0.0566 *** | 0.145 *** | 0.232 *** | 0.329 *** | 0.380 *** | 0.434 *** | 0.478 *** | 0.525 *** | 0.524 *** | |
(0.0179) | (0.0130) | (0.0101) | (0.00687) | (0.00665) | (0.00463) | (0.00585) | (0.00657) | (0.00900) | ||
Income expectation | 0.0249 ** | 0.0288 *** | 0.0302 *** | 0.0273 *** | 0.0198 ** | 0.0156 ** | 0.0171 * | 0.0189 * | 0.0124 | |
(0.0106) | (0.00897) | (0.00864) | (0.00709) | (0.00791) | (0.00625) | (0.00887) | (0.0108) | (0.0150) | ||
Size | −0.195 *** | −0.168 *** | −0.136 *** | −0.105 *** | −0.0935 *** | −0.0873 *** | −0.0745 *** | −0.0573 *** | −0.0543 *** | |
(0.0127) | (0.0106) | (0.0102) | (0.00814) | (0.00902) | (0.00698) | (0.00973) | (0.0117) | (0.0172) | ||
Marriage | 0.118 *** | 0.0739 *** | 0.0467 *** | 0.0116 | −0.00721 | −0.0402 *** | −0.0613 *** | −0.0911 *** | −0.119 *** | |
(0.0219) | (0.0187) | (0.0179) | (0.0145) | (0.0161) | (0.0125) | (0.0175) | (0.0206) | (0.0279) | ||
Gender | 0.0275 | 0.0188 | 0.0122 | 0.00915 | 0.00255 | −0.0102 | −0.0114 | −0.0117 | 0.00969 | |
(0.0174) | (0.0150) | (0.0144) | (0.0117) | (0.0130) | (0.0102) | (0.0143) | (0.0170) | (0.0230) | ||
Education | 0.0405 *** | 0.0302 *** | 0.0274 ** | 0.0198 ** | 0.0158 | 0.0145 * | 0.00811 | −0.00228 | −0.0117 | |
(0.0128) | (0.0114) | (0.0108) | (0.00875) | (0.00972) | (0.00759) | (0.0107) | (0.0126) | (0.0170) | ||
House ownership | 0.00922 *** | 0.00699 *** | 0.00397 ** | 0.00102 | 0.000267 | −0.000319 | −0.000681 | −0.00201 | 0.00155 | |
(0.00237) | (0.00206) | (0.00199) | (0.00161) | (0.00181) | (0.00143) | (0.00205) | (0.00246) | (0.00342) | ||
Car ownership | 0.0372 *** | 0.0355 *** | 0.0389 *** | 0.0335 *** | 0.0307 *** | 0.0313 *** | 0.0313 *** | 0.0327 *** | 0.0391 *** | |
(0.00352) | (0.00286) | (0.00268) | (0.00216) | (0.00239) | (0.00186) | (0.00260) | (0.00315) | (0.00435) | ||
City | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
(--) | (--) | (--) | (--) | (--) | (--) | (--) | (--) | (--) | ||
Constant | 5.583 *** | 5.270 *** | 4.873 *** | 4.236 *** | 3.965 *** | 3.627 *** | 3.424 *** | 3.143 *** | 3.319 *** | |
(0.158) | (0.121) | (0.104) | (0.0780) | (0.0830) | (0.0631) | (0.0868) | (0.104) | (0.143) | ||
Observations | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 |
Variables | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food | Cloth | Facilities | Housing | Communication | Transport | Medical Care | Recreation | |
Mortgage | 0.00107 | 0.00402 | 0.0108 ** | 0.0125 ** | 0.00348 | 0.0109 *** | −0.00161 | 0.000140 |
(0.00217) | (0.00385) | (0.00500) | (0.00506) | (0.00290) | (0.00408) | (0.00712) | (0.00526) | |
Short-term credit | 0.0257 ** | 0.0411 *** | 0.0969 *** | 0.0504 ** | 0.0340 *** | 0.0394 ** | 0.0920 *** | 0.0745 *** |
(0.0112) | (0.0141) | (0.0210) | (0.0201) | (0.0127) | (0.0180) | (0.0271) | (0.0212) | |
Credit card | −0.00346 | 0.0138 *** | 0.0183 *** | 0.0112 ** | 0.00804 *** | 0.0245 *** | −0.00986 | 0.0271 *** |
(0.00227) | (0.00330) | (0.00495) | (0.00475) | (0.00254) | (0.00365) | (0.00600) | (0.00574) | |
Income | 0.125 *** | 0.150 *** | 0.146 *** | 0.157 *** | 0.121 *** | 0.136 *** | 0.175 *** | 0.251 *** |
(0.0150) | (0.0319) | (0.0283) | (0.0212) | (0.0198) | (0.0298) | (0.0281) | (0.0383) | |
Income expectation | 0.0202 * | 0.118 *** | 0.112 *** | 0.0440* | 0.0656 *** | 0.0828 *** | −0.00660 | 0.145 *** |
(0.0116) | (0.0181) | (0.0266) | (0.0257) | (0.0130) | (0.0200) | (0.0305) | (0.0315) | |
Size | −0.190 *** | −0.181 *** | −0.137 *** | −0.166 *** | −0.182 *** | −0.195 *** | −0.0847 ** | −0.194 *** |
(0.0154) | (0.0229) | (0.0302) | (0.0283) | (0.0161) | (0.0235) | (0.0336) | (0.0338) | |
Marriage | 0.0583 ** | −0.272 *** | 0.0676 | 0.0643 | −0.0246 | −0.0184 | 0.344 *** | −0.274 *** |
(0.0251) | (0.0374) | (0.0537) | (0.0507) | (0.0274) | (0.0390) | (0.0639) | (0.0624) | |
Gender | 0.0161 | −0.0474 * | 0.0350 | 0.1000 ** | 0.0322 | 0.0524 * | −0.0448 | 0.196 *** |
(0.0182) | (0.0282) | (0.0411) | (0.0391) | (0.0207) | (0.0312) | (0.0498) | (0.0495) | |
Education | −0.0280 ** | 0.261 *** | 0.142 *** | −0.0248 | 0.0680 *** | 0.223 *** | −0.154 *** | 0.272 *** |
(0.0133) | (0.0227) | (0.0313) | (0.0288) | (0.0147) | (0.0243) | (0.0354) | (0.0386) | |
House ownership | 0.00961 *** | 0.0214 *** | 0.0223 *** | −0.0645 *** | 0.00807 ** | 0.00877* | 0.0174 ** | 0.0244 *** |
(0.00286) | (0.00405) | (0.00639) | (0.00621) | (0.00320) | (0.00457) | (0.00741) | (0.00725) | |
Car ownership | 0.0218 *** | 0.0536 *** | 0.0488 *** | 0.0365 *** | 0.0377 *** | 0.106 *** | 0.0214 ** | 0.0854 *** |
(0.00409) | (0.00588) | (0.00848) | (0.00797) | (0.00469) | (0.00679) | (0.0104) | (0.00972) | |
City | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
(--) | (--) | (--) | (--) | (--) | (--) | (--) | (--) | |
Constant | 4.807 *** | 2.115 *** | 1.132 *** | 2.941 *** | 2.697 *** | 1.292 *** | 1.293 *** | −0.329 |
(0.178) | (0.283) | (0.298) | (0.274) | (0.175) | (0.278) | (0.325) | (0.362) | |
Observations | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 |
R-squared | 0.307 | 0.338 | 0.173 | 0.145 | 0.293 | 0.364 | 0.088 | 0.246 |
Quantile | (0.1) | (0.2) | (0.3) | (0.4) | (0.5) | (0.6) | (0.7) | (0.8) | (0.9) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | ||||||||||
Food | 0.255 *** | 0.255 *** | 0.256 *** | 0.253 *** | 0.264 *** | 0.273 *** | 0.286 *** | 0.294 *** | 0.301 *** | |
(0.00123) | (0.00216) | (0.00245) | (0.00347) | (0.00578) | (0.00732) | (0.0150) | (0.0219) | (0.0299) | ||
Cloth | 0.165 *** | 0.169 *** | 0.176 *** | 0.176 *** | 0.176 *** | 0.179 *** | 0.172 *** | 0.157 *** | 0.155 *** | |
(0.000768) | (0.00147) | (0.00174) | (0.00252) | (0.00425) | (0.00538) | (0.0110) | (0.0161) | (0.0206) | ||
Facilities | 0.0550 *** | 0.0454 *** | 0.0373 *** | 0.0359 *** | 0.0329 *** | 0.0290 *** | 0.0301 *** | 0.0293 *** | 0.0316 ** | |
(0.000479) | (0.000934) | (0.00117) | (0.00174) | (0.00291) | (0.00363) | (0.00726) | (0.0101) | (0.0125) | ||
Housing | 0.361 *** | 0.362 *** | 0.357 *** | 0.347 *** | 0.323 *** | 0.291 *** | 0.238 *** | 0.218 *** | 0.207 *** | |
(0.000400) | (0.000818) | (0.00103) | (0.00156) | (0.00278) | (0.00375) | (0.00823) | (0.0123) | (0.0159) | ||
Communication | 0.0787 *** | 0.0851 *** | 0.0934 *** | 0.102 *** | 0.106 *** | 0.118 *** | 0.151 *** | 0.157 *** | 0.155 *** | |
(0.00145) | (0.00244) | (0.00273) | (0.00379) | (0.00624) | (0.00780) | (0.0160) | (0.0235) | (0.0306) | ||
Transport | 0.0676 *** | 0.0657 *** | 0.0630 *** | 0.0628 *** | 0.0630 *** | 0.0612 *** | 0.0590 *** | 0.0663 *** | 0.0601 *** | |
(0.000714) | (0.00130) | (0.00152) | (0.00221) | (0.00374) | (0.00466) | (0.00906) | (0.0123) | (0.0145) | ||
Medical care | 0.0165 *** | 0.0164 *** | 0.0143 *** | 0.0131 *** | 0.0120 *** | 0.0111 *** | 0.00545 | 0.00508 | 0.00683 | |
(0.000586) | (0.000975) | (0.00105) | (0.00141) | (0.00221) | (0.00262) | (0.00506) | (0.00682) | (0.00802) | ||
Recreation | 0.0169 *** | 0.0179 *** | 0.0188 *** | 0.0191 *** | 0.0220 *** | 0.0209 *** | 0.0227 *** | 0.0203 *** | 0.0190 ** | |
(0.000554) | (0.000973) | (0.00108) | (0.00147) | (0.00233) | (0.00278) | (0.00537) | (0.00724) | (0.00875) | ||
Constant | −0.686 *** | −0.652 *** | −0.625 *** | −0.553 *** | −0.481 *** | −0.357 *** | −0.176 ** | 0.0585 | 0.324 ** | |
(0.00877) | (0.0136) | (0.0142) | (0.0190) | (0.0304) | (0.0373) | (0.0743) | (0.104) | (0.132) | ||
Observations | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 |
(1) | (2) | (3) | |
---|---|---|---|
Variables | Logarithm of per Capita Consumption | Logarithm of per Capita Carbon Emissions | Logarithm of per Capita Carbon Emissions |
Logarithm of per capita consumption | 1.004 *** | ||
(0.00676) | |||
Mortgage | 0.00326 * | 0.00255 ** | 0.00647 *** |
(0.00188) | (0.000996) | (0.00208) | |
Short-term credit | 0.0425 *** | 0.00327 | 0.0448 *** |
(0.00752) | (0.00403) | (0.00833) | |
Credit card | 0.00715 *** | 0.00503 *** | 0.0102 *** |
(0.00176) | (0.000929) | (0.00195) | |
Income | 0.162 *** | 0.00861 ** | 0.160 *** |
(0.00786) | (0.00432) | (0.00870) | |
Income expectation | 0.0354 *** | 0.00556 | 0.0384 *** |
(0.00936) | (0.00495) | (0.0104) | |
Size | −0.176 *** | −0.0117 *** | −0.190 *** |
(0.00588) | (0.00327) | (0.00650) | |
Marriage | 0.0315 * | −0.118 *** | −0.0588 *** |
(0.0177) | (0.00916) | (0.0196) | |
Gender | 0.0130 | 0.0210 *** | 0.0421 ** |
(0.0155) | (0.00816) | (0.0171) | |
Education | 0.0419 *** | 0.00987 * | 0.0469 *** |
(0.0112) | (0.00579) | (0.0124) | |
House ownership | 0.00486 ** | −0.0149 *** | −0.0161 *** |
(0.00212) | (0.00104) | (0.00235) | |
Car ownership | 0.0545 *** | −0.00166 | 0.0553 *** |
(0.00282) | (0.00151) | (0.00312) | |
City | -- | -- | -- |
(--) | (--) | (--) | |
Constant | 5.462 *** | −2.618 *** | 2.957 *** |
(0.0981) | (0.0548) | (0.109) | |
Observations | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 |
R-squared | 0.466 | 0.871 | 0.451 |
Variables | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Logarithm of per capita consumption | 0.979 *** | |||
(0.00193) | ||||
Mortgage | 0.00647 ** | 0.00297 | −0.000118 | |
(0.00316) | (0.00217) | (0.000269) | ||
Short-term credit | 0.0448 *** | 0.0329 *** | 0.000812 | |
(0.0111) | (0.0103) | (0.00109) | ||
Percentage of credit card | 0.0102 *** | 0.00407 ** | 0.000177 | |
(0.00212) | (0.00186) | (0.000252) | ||
Percentage of food | 0.00275 *** | −0.00180 ** | 0.00707 *** | |
(0.000971) | (0.000916) | (0.000121) | ||
Percentage of cloth | 0.0223 *** | 0.0127 *** | 0.0128 *** | |
(0.00129) | (0.00131) | (0.000164) | ||
Percentage of facilities | 0.0243 *** | 0.0166 *** | 0.0135 *** | |
(0.00151) | (0.00152) | (0.000186) | ||
Percentage of housing | −0.0336 *** | −0.0238 *** | 0.0117 *** | |
(0.00276) | (0.00332) | (0.000342) | ||
Percentage of communication | 0.0327 *** | 0.00719 *** | 0.0123 *** | |
(0.00168) | (0.00168) | (0.000215) | ||
Percentage of transport | 0.0103 *** | 0.00749 *** | 0.0134 *** | |
(0.00177) | (0.00157) | (0.000213) | ||
Percentage of medical care | 0.0320 *** | 0.0147 *** | 0.00850 *** | |
(0.00140) | (0.00135) | (0.000179) | ||
Percentage of recreation | 0.0384 *** | 0.0309 *** | 0.0364 *** | |
(0.00118) | (0.00108) | (0.000151) | ||
Income | 0.160 *** | 0.145 *** | 0.00193 * | |
(0.0187) | (0.0166) | (0.00117) | ||
Income expectation | 0.0384 *** | 0.0274 *** | 0.00178 | |
(0.0110) | (0.00926) | (0.00134) | ||
Size | −0.190 *** | −0.183 *** | −0.00293 *** | |
(0.00990) | (0.00914) | (0.000893) | ||
Marriage | −0.0588 *** | 0.0657 *** | 0.0176 *** | |
(0.0210) | (0.0184) | (0.00261) | ||
Gender | 0.0421 ** | 0.0174 | −0.000520 | |
(0.0172) | (0.0148) | (0.00221) | ||
Education | 0.0469 *** | 0.0127 | −0.00181 | |
(0.0122) | (0.0102) | (0.00160) | ||
House ownership | −0.0161 *** | 0.00346 | 0.000839 *** | |
(0.00282) | (0.00260) | (0.000289) | ||
Car ownership | 0.0553 *** | 0.0441 *** | −0.000406 | |
(0.00386) | (0.00359) | (0.000421) | ||
City | -- | -- | -- | |
(--) | (--) | (--) | ||
Constant | 2.957 *** | 3.001 *** | 2.491 *** | −3.766 *** |
(0.162) | (0.0846) | (0.174) | (0.0194) | |
Observations | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 | 5746 |
R-squared | 0.451 | 0.341 | 0.608 | 0.991 |
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Xu, X.; Han, L. Diverse Effects of Consumer Credit on Household Carbon Emissions at Quantiles: Evidence from Urban China. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1563. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091563
Xu X, Han L. Diverse Effects of Consumer Credit on Household Carbon Emissions at Quantiles: Evidence from Urban China. Sustainability. 2017; 9(9):1563. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091563
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Xinkuo, and Liyan Han. 2017. "Diverse Effects of Consumer Credit on Household Carbon Emissions at Quantiles: Evidence from Urban China" Sustainability 9, no. 9: 1563. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091563