Assessing the Reliability of Thermal and Optical Imaging Techniques for Detecting Crop Water Status under Different Nitrogen Levels
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Setup
2.2. Reference Measurements to Assess the Crop Water Status
2.3. Optical and Thermal Indices to Assess the Crop Water Status
2.4. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Regression Models
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Greenhouse Microclimatic Conditions
3.2. Reference Crop Water Status Measurements
3.3. Crop Water Status and Spectral Indices
3.4. The ANOVA Results
3.5. Regression Analysis
4. Conclusive Remarks
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Type of Measurement | Instrument | Variable | Symbol |
---|---|---|---|
Reference measurement | |||
Non-destructive measurement | Weighing balance | Volumetric Water Content | VWC |
Porometer | Stomatal conductance | gs | |
Fluorimeter | Maximum Fluorescence | Fm/Fv | |
Performance Index | PI | ||
Active reaction centres | Rc/Csm | ||
Destructive measurement on leaf sample | Weighing balance and oven | Water content of aerial biomass | AGB_WC |
Stress index | |||
Non-destructive proximal sensing measurement | Thermal camera | Crop Water Stress Index | CWSI |
Stomatal conductance Index | Ig | ||
Hyperspectral apparatus | Normalized Difference Vegetation Index | NDVI | |
Photochemical Reflectance Index | PRI |
Appendix B
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Experimental Campaign (EX) | Cultivar | Sowing Date | Harvesting Date | Sowing Density (Plant/m2) | Start Survey | End Survey | Irrigation Treatment | Number of Pots | Total Number of Pots | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N0 | N1 | N2 | N3 | |||||||||
1 | Verdi F1 | 28 January | 20 March | 100 | 14 March | 20 March | W+ | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 12 |
W− | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||
2 | SV2157VB | 18 April | 24 May | 200 | 18 May | 24 May | W+ | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 36 |
W− | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | ||||||||
W+ | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ||||||||
W− | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Measurement | Symbol | Irrigation Treatment (W) | Nitrogen Treatment (N) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
EX1 | EX2 | EX1 | EX2 | ||
Reference Variables | VWC | <0.05 * | <0.05 * | ns * | ns * |
gs | <0.001 | <0.05 * | ns | ns * | |
Fm/Fv | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.001 | ns | |
PI | ns * | <0.05 * | ns * | ns * | |
RC/Csm | ns | ns | <0.001 | ns | |
AGB_WC | nd | <0.05 | nd | ns | |
Vegetation Indices | CWSI | <0.1 | <0.05 * | ns | ns * |
Ig | ns * | <0.05 * | ns * | ns * | |
NDVI | nd | <0.01 | nd | ns | |
PRI | nd | <0.1 | nd | ns |
EX1 | |||||||||
Thermal Indices | Optical Indices | Reference Variables | |||||||
CWSI | Ig | NDVI | PRI | VWC | gs | PI | AGB_WC | ||
Thermal Indices | CWSI | 1 | −0.84 | - | - | −0.79 | −0.69 | −0.04 | - |
Ig | 1 | - | - | 0.75 | 0.60 | 0.20 | - | ||
Optical Indices | NDVI | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | ||
PRI | 1 | - | - | - | - | ||||
Reference Variables | VWC | 1 | 0.81 | 0.23 | - | ||||
gs | 1 | 0.37 | - | ||||||
PI | 1 | ||||||||
AGB_WC | 1 | ||||||||
EX2 | |||||||||
Thermal Indices | Optical Indices | Reference Variables | |||||||
CWSI | Ig | NDVI | PRI | VWC | gs | PI | AGB_WC | ||
Thermal Indices | CWSI | 1 | −0.7 | −0.66 | −0.7 | −0.83 | −0.78 | −0.22 | −0.75 |
Ig | 1 | 0.38 | 0.65 | 0.75 | 0.81 | 0.47 | 0.50 | ||
Optical Indices | NDVI | 1 | 0.74 | 0.80 | 0.64 | 0.23 | 0.95 | ||
PRI | 1 | 0.74 | 0.82 | 0.63 | 0.78 | ||||
Reference Variables | VWC | 1 | 0.90 | 0.33 | 0.85 | ||||
gs | 1 | 0.40 | 0.70 | ||||||
PI | 1 | 0.29 | |||||||
AGB_WC | 1 |
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Masseroni, D.; Ortuani, B.; Corti, M.; Gallina, P.M.; Cocetta, G.; Ferrante, A.; Facchi, A. Assessing the Reliability of Thermal and Optical Imaging Techniques for Detecting Crop Water Status under Different Nitrogen Levels. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1548. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091548
Masseroni D, Ortuani B, Corti M, Gallina PM, Cocetta G, Ferrante A, Facchi A. Assessing the Reliability of Thermal and Optical Imaging Techniques for Detecting Crop Water Status under Different Nitrogen Levels. Sustainability. 2017; 9(9):1548. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091548
Chicago/Turabian StyleMasseroni, Daniele, Bianca Ortuani, Martina Corti, Pietro Marino Gallina, Giacomo Cocetta, Antonio Ferrante, and Arianna Facchi. 2017. "Assessing the Reliability of Thermal and Optical Imaging Techniques for Detecting Crop Water Status under Different Nitrogen Levels" Sustainability 9, no. 9: 1548. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091548