Taxpayer’s Perception to Tax Payment in Kind System in Support of SMEs’ Sustainability: Case of the South Korean Government’s Valuation of Unlisted Stocks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Tax Payment in Kind System and Research Question
2.1. System of Tax Payment in Kind
2.2. Research Question
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Research Model
3.2. Sample Selection
4. Analysis and Results
4.1. Descriptive Statistics and Correlation
4.2. Results of T-test and Ordered Probit Regression Analysis:
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Career Years | Tax professional | Experienced Taxpayer | Total |
---|---|---|---|
Less than 5 years | 54 | 12 | 66 (33.50%) |
5–7 years | 11 | 9 | 20 (10.15%) |
7−10 years | 17 | 7 | 24 (12.18%) |
10–15 years | 17 | 11 | 28 (14.21%) |
More than 15 years | 32 | 27 | 59 (29.95%) |
Total | 131 | 66 | 197 (100.00%) |
Variables | Mean | Std | Min | Q1 | Med. | Q3 | Max | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All respondents (n = 197) | Repurchase_Price | 3.701 | 1.737 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
Experienced_Taxpayer | 0.335 | 0.473 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
Tax_Avoidance | 0.629 | 0.484 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
GiftTax_Adoption | 0.208 | 0.407 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
TPKS_Favorable | 0.848 | 0.36 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Additional_Exp | 3.518 | 1.095 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 6 | |
Career | 2.944 | 1.679 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 5 | |
Experienced Taxpayers (n = 66) | Repurchase_Price | 2.470 | 2.017 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 6 |
Initial_Valuation | 3.485 | 1.243 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | |
Tax_Adivce | 0.924 | 0.267 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Tax_Avoidance | 0.652 | 0.480 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
GiftTax_Adoption | 0.091 | 0.290 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
TPKS_Favorable | 0.652 | 0.480 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Additional_Exp | 3.303 | 0.928 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 6 | |
Career | 3.409 | 1.617 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 5 |
Variables | Repurchase_Price | Initial_Valuation | Tax_Adivce | Tax_Avoidance | GiftTax_Adoption | TPKS_Favorable | Additional_Exp |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial_Valuation | −0.086 (0.492) | 1 | |||||
Tax_Advice | 0.153 (0.220) | −0.027 (0.831) | 1 | ||||
Tax_Avoidance | 0.251 ** (0.042) | −0.048 (0.704) | 0.031 (0.805) | 1 | |||
GiftTax_Adoption | 0.163 (0.192) | 0.132 (0.291) | −0.109 (0.385) | 0.010 (0.936) | 1 | ||
TPKS_Favorable | 0.243 ** (0.049) | −0.049 (0.694) | 0.219 * (0.078) | 0.068 (0.587) | −0.104 (0.406) | 1 | |
Additional_Exp | 0.045 (0.723) | −0.022 (0.862) | 0.271 ** (0.028) | 0.132 (0.289) | −0.101 (0.422) | 0.413 *** (0.001) | 1 |
Career | 0.049 (0.698) | 0.03 (0.812) | −0.177 (0.156) | 0.028 (0.824) | 0.018 (0.887) | −0.074 (0.557) | 0.028 (0.824) |
Variables | Tax professionals | Experienced Taxpayers | Difference | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (a) | Std. Dev | Mean (b) | Std. Dev | Mean (a−b) | t-stat. | |
Validity of TPKS | 2.466 | 2.295 | 3.015 | 2.77 | −0.55 *** | −3.67 |
TPKS Favorable | 1.588 | 0.667 | 2.136 | 0.857 | −0.549 *** | −4.94 |
Repurchase Price | 4.321 | 1.165 | 2.470 | 2.017 | 1.851 *** | 8.15 |
Variables | Exp. Sign | Coefficient | Waldχ2 |
---|---|---|---|
Experienced_Taxpayer | +/− | −0.942 *** | 13.94 |
Tax_Avoidance | +/− | 0.674 *** | 12.85 |
GiftTax_Adoption | +/− | 0.640 *** | 8.18 |
TPKS_Favorable | +/− | −0.097 | 0.17 |
Additional_Exp | +/− | 0.200 ** | 7.94 |
Career | +/− | −0.008 | 0.03 |
Intercepts(1-6) | included | ||
Log Likelihood | −308.591 | ||
Number of sample | 197 |
Variable | Expected Sign | Coefficient | Waldχ2 |
---|---|---|---|
Initial_Valuation | +/− | −0.146 ** | 7.17 |
Tax_Advice | +/− | 1.323 * | 3.55 |
Tax_Avoidance | +/− | 0.779 ** | 5.17 |
GiftTax_Adoption | +/− | 0.527 | 0.92 |
TPKS_Favorable | +/− | −0.615 * | 2.58 |
Additional_Exp | +/− | 0.348 * | 3.66 |
Career | +/− | 0.129 | 1.30 |
Intercepts(1-6) | included | ||
Log Likelihood | −82.201 | ||
Number of sample | 66 |
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Kim, K.; Yoon, S. Taxpayer’s Perception to Tax Payment in Kind System in Support of SMEs’ Sustainability: Case of the South Korean Government’s Valuation of Unlisted Stocks. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1523. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091523
Kim K, Yoon S. Taxpayer’s Perception to Tax Payment in Kind System in Support of SMEs’ Sustainability: Case of the South Korean Government’s Valuation of Unlisted Stocks. Sustainability. 2017; 9(9):1523. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091523
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, KapSoon, and SungMan Yoon. 2017. "Taxpayer’s Perception to Tax Payment in Kind System in Support of SMEs’ Sustainability: Case of the South Korean Government’s Valuation of Unlisted Stocks" Sustainability 9, no. 9: 1523. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091523