Locating Sustainability Issues: Identification of Ecological Vulnerability in Mainland China’s Mega-Regions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Megaregions and Their Ecological Vulnerabilities in Mainland China
3. Methodology
3.1. Identification of Megaregions and Their Development Levels in China
3.2. Measurements of Ecological Vulnerability (EV)
3.3. Overlying Megaregions’ Development Levels of and EVs
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Classification Patterns of the Economic Polarized Areas and Ecological Vulnerability
4.2. Spatial Differentiation of Vulnerability Factors in the Economic Polarized Areas
4.3. Comparison of Vulnerability Factors of key Cities in Economic Polarized Areas
4.4. Discussions on the Sustainable Development Issues of China’s EPAs
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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EPA | YRD | BTH | PRD | CPA | EZWSS | CC | SP | SR |
Score | 4.233 | 2.778 | 1.663 | 1.125 | 1.058 | 1.045 | 0.567 | 0.428 |
EPA | LCB | WCC | WCB | GTEZ | CZT | PLEEZ | TRA | GBGEZ |
Score | 0.426 | 0.425 | 0.378 | 0.308 | 0.288 | 0.259 | 0.149 | 0.069 |
EPAs | EPAs’s Whole Degree of Ecological Vulnerability | Proportion of Severe Ecological Vulnerable Regions in EPA/% | Score of EPA’s Comprehensive Ecological Vulnerability | Rank of EPA’s Comprehensive Ecological Vulnerability |
---|---|---|---|---|
YRD | 3.0 | 15.8 | 0.35 | 7 |
BTH | 3.2 | 19.9 | 0.41 | 5 |
PRD | 2.8 | 9.8 | 0.25 | 10 |
CPA | 3.0 | 12.7 | 0.32 | 8 |
EZWSS | 2.6 | 3.4 | 0.18 | 13 |
CC | 4.1 | 81.8 | 1.00 | 1 |
SP | 3.4 | 40.9 | 0.59 | 3 |
SR | 2.9 | 0.0 | 0.21 | 12 |
LCB | 3.1 | 15.2 | 0.36 | 6 |
WCC | 2.9 | 34.6 | 0.44 | 4 |
WCB | 2.5 | 0.0 | 0.13 | 14 |
GTEZ | 3.4 | 43.6 | 0.62 | 2 |
CZT | 2.9 | 0.0 | 0.22 | 11 |
PLEEZ | 3.0 | 9.3 | 0.29 | 9 |
TRA | 2.0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 16 |
GBGEZ | 2.3 | 0.0 | 0.08 | 15 |
EPA | Soil Erosion | Desertification | Rocky Desertification | Overlap of EPAs and EFAs |
---|---|---|---|---|
YRD | + | |||
BTH | +++ | + | HSDK | |
PRD | + | |||
CPA | ++++ | + | DBS | |
EZWSS | + | NLSD | ||
CC | ++++ | +++ | SX, WLS, CD | |
SP | ++ | |||
SR | ++ | + | KRQ | |
LCB | +++ | |||
WCC | +++ | DBS | ||
WCB | ++ | DBS | ||
GTEZ | ++++ | HTGY, QB | ||
CZT | + | ++ | ||
PLEEZ | ++ | |||
TRA | + | CBS | ||
GBGEZ | + | +++ | KST |
Indicators\Cities | Beijing | Shanghai | Chongqing |
---|---|---|---|
Population (10,000 persons) (1) | 2152 | 2426 | 2991 |
Administrative region area (sq. km) (1) | 16,411 | 6340 | 82,374 |
Population density (persons/sq. km) (1) | 1311 | 3827 | 363 |
Gross domestic product (100 million yuan) (1) | 21,330 | 23,567 | 14,262 |
Per capita GDP (Gross domestic product) (yuan) (1) | 99,995 | 97,370 | 47,850 |
Per capita water resources (cu.m/person) (1) | 95.1 | 194.8 | 2155.9 |
Per capita area of cultivated land (1000 hectares/person) (1) | 0.103 | 0.077 | 0.821 |
Area of wetlands (1000 hectares) (1) | 48.1 | 464.6 | 207.2 |
Proportion of wetlands in total area of territory (%) (1) | 2.86 | 73.27 | 2.51 |
Number of nation level nature reserves (unit) (1) | 2 | 2 | 6 |
Area of nation level nature reserves (1000 hectares) (1) | 2.6 | 6.6 | 27.5 |
Geological disasters (unit) (1) | 40 | 1 | 347 |
Area of rocky desertification (1000 hectares) (2) | 0 | 0 | 895 |
Whole degree of ecological vulnerability (3) | 3.00 | 4.42 | 4.62 |
Proportion of severe ecological vulnerable regions in total area of territory (%) (3) | 0.3 | 89.2 | 96.4 |
Belong to the EPA (3) | BTH | YRD | CC |
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Zou, H.; Duan, X.; Ye, L.; Wang, L. Locating Sustainability Issues: Identification of Ecological Vulnerability in Mainland China’s Mega-Regions. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1179. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9071179
Zou H, Duan X, Ye L, Wang L. Locating Sustainability Issues: Identification of Ecological Vulnerability in Mainland China’s Mega-Regions. Sustainability. 2017; 9(7):1179. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9071179
Chicago/Turabian StyleZou, Hui, Xuejun Duan, Lei Ye, and Lei Wang. 2017. "Locating Sustainability Issues: Identification of Ecological Vulnerability in Mainland China’s Mega-Regions" Sustainability 9, no. 7: 1179. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9071179