Impact of Tourism Growth on the Changing Landscape of a World Heritage Site: Case of Luang Prabang, Lao PDR
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Case Study
3. Methodology
3.1 Significant Changes in Built Environment
3.2 Spatial Pattern of Increase of Touristic Usage
3.3 Relation between Touristic Usage and Significant Changes in the Built Environment
- Usage (USAGEexisting): Buildings that changed from other types of usage to touristic usage are equal to 1, and all other buildings are equal to 0.
- Architecture (ARCHexisting): Buildings that changed from other types of architecture to Lao traditional architecture coded as 1, and all other buildings as 0.
- Building materials (MATexisting): Buildings that changed from traditional to modern materials assigned as 1, and all other buildings as 0.
- Roof materials (ROOFexisting): Buildings that changed from modern to traditional roof materials assigned as 1, and all other buildings as 0.
4. Results and Discussion
4.1 Spatial Pattern of Increase of Touristic Usage
4.2 Relation between Increase of Touristic Usage and Significant Changes in the Built Environment
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
DPL | Luang Prabang Department of World Heritage Site (La Department du Patrimoine Luang Prabang) |
GIS | Geographic information systems |
HUL | Historic Urban Landscape |
PSMV | Safeguarding and Preservation Plan (Plan de Sauvegard et de Mise en Valeur) |
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Indicators [28,29] | Description [28,29] | Change | Spatial Distribution |
---|---|---|---|
Building usage | Building function utilized for public and private purposes | Increase of touristic usage contributed by converted residential buildings and construction of new touristic buildings | Increased along riverbanks |
Building architecture | Building typology derived from Lao vernacular architecture and the architecture of foreign influences | Increase of Lao traditional architecture contributed by converted modern architecture and construction of new Lao traditional architecture | Increased along riverbanks |
Building materials | Materials used to construct building structure | Increased use of modern materials contributed by change from traditional materials and construction of new buildings using modern materials | Increased throughout the peninsula |
Roof materials | Materials used to construct roof structure | Increase of traditional roof materials contributed by converted modern roof buildings and construction of traditional roof buildings | Increased throughout the peninsula |
Variable | Description | Coefficient | Odds Ratio |
---|---|---|---|
USAGEexisting | Existing buildings changed from other types of usage to touristic usage | 0.84 *** | 2.32 |
USAGEnew | New buildings used for touristic purposes | 0.01 | 1.01 |
Variable | Description | Chi-Square (Observed Value) |
---|---|---|
Existing buildings | ||
ARCHexisting | Changed from other types of architecture to Lao traditional architecture | 13.655 *** |
MATexisting | Changed from traditional to modern materials | 12.864 *** |
ROOFexisting | Changed from modern to traditional roof materials | 69.566 *** |
New buildings | ||
ARCHnew | Used Lao traditional architecture | 3.302 |
MATnew | Used modern building materials | 0.108 |
ROOFnew | Used traditional roof materials | 7.645 ** |
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Leong, C.; Takada, J.-i.; Hanaoka, S.; Yamaguchi, S. Impact of Tourism Growth on the Changing Landscape of a World Heritage Site: Case of Luang Prabang, Lao PDR. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1996. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9111996
Leong C, Takada J-i, Hanaoka S, Yamaguchi S. Impact of Tourism Growth on the Changing Landscape of a World Heritage Site: Case of Luang Prabang, Lao PDR. Sustainability. 2017; 9(11):1996. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9111996
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeong, Ceelia, Jun-ichi Takada, Shinya Hanaoka, and Shinobu Yamaguchi. 2017. "Impact of Tourism Growth on the Changing Landscape of a World Heritage Site: Case of Luang Prabang, Lao PDR" Sustainability 9, no. 11: 1996. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9111996