Evaluation of Integrated Air Pollution and Climate Change Policies: Case Study in the Thermal Power Sector in Chongqing City, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Climate Change and Pollution Mitigation Challenges
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Dynamic I-O Model
3.1.1. Economic Indicator GRP
3.1.2. Energy Consumption
3.1.3. Model Dynamics
3.1.4. Air Pollution and GHG Emissions
3.1.5. Regional Government Environmental Regulation Constraints
3.1.6. Technology Innovation and Its Cost Reduction
3.1.7. Carbon Taxes and Subsidies
3.2. Data Setting
3.3. Scenario Design
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Impact Analysis of Proposed Policies on Economy and Environment
4.2. Impact on Energy Consumption
4.3. Impact on Technology Innovation in the Thermal Power Sector
4.4. Optimal Carbon Taxes and Subsidies for Technology Innovation
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
i | Industry | Sector |
---|---|---|
1 | Usual Goods and Services | Agriculture, Forestry, Animal Husbandry and Fishery |
Transport and Postal Services | ||
Waste Treatment | ||
Other Industries | ||
e | Conventional Energy Industries | Hydropower and Subcritical (SUB) Technology Power Supply |
Production and Supply of Gas | ||
2 | Energy-Intensive Industries | Mining and Washing of Coal |
Manufacture of Raw Chemical Materials and Products | ||
Manufacture of Non-Metallic Mineral Products | ||
Smelting and Pressing of Ferrous Metals | ||
3 | Advanced Technology Options (High-Efficiency, Low-Emission Coal–Natural Gas-Fired Power Generation) | Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) |
NGCC and Carbon Capture and Storage (NGCC-CCS) | ||
IGCC-CCS Technology Power Supply | ||
Integrated Coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) | ||
Ultra-Supercritical (USC) Technology Power Supply | ||
Supercritical (SC) Technology Power Supply |
Capital Costs ($2010 per kW) | O & M Costs ($2010 per kW) | Efficiency (Gross, LHV) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | 2020 | 2035 | 2010 | 2020 | 2035 | 2010 | 2020 | 2035 | |
Steam Coal-SUB | 600 | 600 | 600 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 37% | 37% | 37% |
Steam Coal-SUP | 700 | 700 | 700 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 42% | 42% | 42% |
Steam Coal-USC | 800 | 800 | 800 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 46% | 48% | 50% |
IGCC | 1100 | 1100 | 900 | 50 | 50 | 41 | 47% | 49% | 51% |
IGCC-CCS | 1800 | 1800 | 1600 | 81 | 81 | 72 | 38% | 40% | 44% |
NGCC | 550 | 550 | 550 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 57% | 59% | 61% |
NGCC-CCS | 1000 | 1000 | 1000 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 49% | 51% | 54% |
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Scenarios | Government Regulation | Technology Innovation | Carbon Tax and Subsidy |
---|---|---|---|
Base | No | No | no |
R1_Base | Yes | No | no |
R1_T1_C1S | Yes (10%) | Yes | 70 CNY/ton tax |
R1_T1_C2S | Yes (10%) | Yes | 110 CNY/ton tax |
R1_T2_C1S | Yes (10%) | Cost reduction of 10% | 70 CNY/ton tax |
R1_T2_C2S | Yes (10%) | Cost reduction of 10% | 110 CNY/ton tax |
R2_T2_C1S | Yes (5%) | Cost reduction of 10% | 70 CNY/ton tax |
R2_T2_C2S | Yes (5%) | Cost reduction of 10% | 110 CNY/ton tax |
R0_T1_C1S | No | Yes | 70 CNY/ton tax |
R0_T1_C2S | No | Yes | 110 CNY/ton tax |
R0_T2_C1S | No | Cost reduction of 10% | 70 CNY/ton tax |
R0_T2_C2S | No | Cost 10% reduction | 110 CNY/ton tax |
GRP | GHG | SO2 | NOx | PM10 | PM2.5 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group 0 | R1_Base | −42.50% | −32.86% | −35.84% | −41.29% | −33.44% | −34.97% |
Group 1 | R0_T1_C1S | 0.26% | 0.10% | 0.28% | −0.40% | 0.42% | 0.25% |
R0_T1_C2S | 0.37% | 0.13% | 0.30% | −0.36% | 0.46% | 0.28% | |
R0_T2_C1S | 0.26% | 0.10% | 0.28% | −0.40% | 0.42% | 0.25% | |
R0_T2_C2S | 0.37% | 0.13% | 0.30% | −0.36% | 0.46% | 0.28% | |
Group 2 | R1_T1_C1S | −22.64% | −30.76% | −37.88% | −41.13% | −30.68% | −34.74% |
R1_T1_C2S | −22.54% | −30.76% | −37.88% | −41.14% | −30.66% | −34.73% | |
R1_T2_C1S | −22.56% | −30.74% | −37.87% | −41.12% | −30.66% | −34.73% | |
R1_T2_C2S | −22.61% | −30.77% | −37.89% | −41.15% | −30.68% | −34.75% | |
Group 3 | R2_T2_C1S | −15.79% | −26.62% | −33.64% | −36.42% | −26.17% | −30.41% |
R2_T2_C2S | −15.83% | −26.61% | −33.63% | −36.42% | −26.15% | −30.40% |
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Zhou, Q.; Yabar, H.; Mizunoya, T.; Higano, Y. Evaluation of Integrated Air Pollution and Climate Change Policies: Case Study in the Thermal Power Sector in Chongqing City, China. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1741. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101741
Zhou Q, Yabar H, Mizunoya T, Higano Y. Evaluation of Integrated Air Pollution and Climate Change Policies: Case Study in the Thermal Power Sector in Chongqing City, China. Sustainability. 2017; 9(10):1741. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101741
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Qian, Helmut Yabar, Takeshi Mizunoya, and Yoshiro Higano. 2017. "Evaluation of Integrated Air Pollution and Climate Change Policies: Case Study in the Thermal Power Sector in Chongqing City, China" Sustainability 9, no. 10: 1741. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101741