Wind Power Development in China: An Assessment of Provincial Policies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Wind Power in China: A Literature Review
2.2. Model
2.3. Dependent Variable
2.4. Provincial Wind Energy Policy and Energy Plans
2.5. Stringency of Environment Regulation
2.6. Pollution-Intensive Interest Groups
2.7. Economic Environment
2.8. Unexplored Wind Potential
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Wind Energy Policy and Energy Plan
3.2. Energy and Emission Markets
3.3. Economic and Social Environments
4. Conclusions and Policy Implications
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Province | Year | Wind Energy Policies and Plans |
---|---|---|
Inner Mongolia | 2006 | Wind Power Development 11th “FYP” and Long-Term Objectives for 2020 |
2011 | Wind Power Development and Grid Integration 12th “FYP” | |
Hebei | 2011 | Baihuapo Wind Power Project |
Gansu | 2008 | Regulation for Wind Power Development and Construction Order |
Jilin | 2008 | Interim Measures of Wind Power Project Preliminary Work |
Ningxia | 2011 | Land Management Measures of Wind and Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation Project |
Xinjiang | 2005 | Tax Exemption of Urban Land Using for Wind Power Plants |
2007 | Energy 11th “FYP” and Wind Power Development for 2020 | |
Jiangsu | 2006 | Wind Power Development Plan from 2006 to 2020 |
Yunnan | 2004 | The Power Industry 11th “FYP” and Long-Term Objectives for 2020 |
Shanghai | 2008 | Interim Measures of Wind Power Project Preliminary Work |
Jiangxi | 2007 | New Energy Development 11th “FYP” (wind power) |
Policies and Plans | Provinces |
---|---|
Energy Development 11th “FYP” | Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Gansu, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Shanxi, Guangdong, Anhui, Henan, Shanghai, Hubei, Qinghai, Beijing, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Guizhou |
Variables | Measures | Predicted Relationship | Data Sources |
---|---|---|---|
Wind capacity | Annual cumulative wind installation from 2001 to 2012 in five Ethnic autonomous regions, four centrally-controlled municipalities and 22 provinces | Dependent variable | Chinese Wind Energy Association, CWEA |
Wind policy | Binary variable: “1”: with wind policy; “0” otherwise | - | Statistics office by province |
Energy plan | Binary variable: whether a province has 11th “Five Year Plan” for Energy Development. “1”: with energy plan; “0” otherwise | - | Statistics office by province |
Pollution fee | Pollution fee (tens of thousands RMB Yuan) | Control | China Statistical Yearbook [1] |
SO2 emissions | SO2 emission (tens of thousands of tons) | Control | China Statistical Yearbook [1] |
Per capita GDP | GDP (one hundred million RMB Yuan) divided by population year end (tens of thousands of persons) | Control | China Statistical Yearbook [1] |
Unemployment rate | Unemployment rate (%) | Control | China Statistical Yearbook [1] |
Unexplored wind potential | Unexplored theoretical potential (MW) | Control | China Statistical Yearbook [1] |
Per capita income | Disposable Personal Income, DPI, (RMB Yuan) | Control | China Statistical Yearbook [1] |
Population density | Population density (person per square kilometer) | Control | China Statistical Yearbook [1] |
Variable | Observation | Mean | Standard Deviation | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wind capacity | 324 | 624.21 | 1919.82 | 0 | 18,623.8 |
Wind policy | 324 | 0.15 | 0.36 | 0 | 1 |
Energy plan | 324 | 0.27 | 0.44 | 0 | 1 |
Pollution fee | 324 | 46,086.95 | 45,800.11 | 357 | 287,343 |
SO2 emissions | 324 | 72.14 | 46.35 | 0.1 | 200.30 |
Per capita GDP | 324 | 2.25 | 1.71 | 0.29 | 9.13 |
Unemployment rate | 324 | 3.71 | 0.69 | 1.2 | 6.9 |
Unexplored wind potential | 324 | 118,278.8 | 182,452.2 | 7849.3 | 786,868.2 |
Per capita income | 324 | 13,311.02 | 6348.30 | 5267.42 | 40,188.34 |
Population density | 324 | 2121.96 | 1393.40 | 56 | 6307 |
Variables | Coefficient | Standard Errors |
---|---|---|
Wind policy | 0.701 *** | 0.269 |
Energy plan | 0.485 ** | 0.232 |
Pollution fee | 0.515 ** | 0.239 |
SO2 emissions | −0.844 ** | 0.369 |
Per capita GDP | −0.280 | 0.283 |
Unemployment rate | 0.025 | 0.202 |
Unexplored wind potential | −6.779 | 4.255 |
Per capita income | 0.346 *** | 0.063 |
Population density | 0.078 | 0.078 |
Constant | 70.802 | 46.073 |
Observation | 324 | - |
Province Fixed Effect | Yes | - |
Year Fixed Effect | Yes | - |
R-squared (within) | 0.772 | - |
© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Zhang, X.; Wang, D.; Liu, Y.; Yi, H. Wind Power Development in China: An Assessment of Provincial Policies. Sustainability 2016, 8, 734. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8080734
Zhang X, Wang D, Liu Y, Yi H. Wind Power Development in China: An Assessment of Provincial Policies. Sustainability. 2016; 8(8):734. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8080734
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Xiaogang, Dong Wang, Yuanhao Liu, and Hongtao Yi. 2016. "Wind Power Development in China: An Assessment of Provincial Policies" Sustainability 8, no. 8: 734. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8080734