Coordinated Development Analysis of the “Resources-Environment-Ecology-Economy-Society” Complex System in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. CSR3ES
3. Data Preparation
3.1. Region Scale and Experimental Data
3.2. Index System Establishment
- (1)
- The selected indices should cover broad rather than detailed contents, and they should be able to describe and embody the status and changing trends of all related aspects (resources, environment, ecology, society, economy, etc.).
- (2)
- The selected indices should be of high interest and popularity, easy to understand by decision makers, and easy to communicate to the public.
- (3)
- The data used for index calculation should be reliable and accessible.
- (4)
- It should be feasible to obtain important data for index calculation from collected data and documents.
- (5)
- The comprehensive indices should be able to be employed to evaluate existing and emerging problems, diagnose factors causing the damages, and guide the formulation and implementation of policies and measures.
3.3. Data Normalization
4. Research Methods
4.1. Inner-Subsystem Coordination Degree
4.2. Inter-System Coordination Degree
4.3. Comprehensive Coordination Degree of CSR3ES
4.4. Coordination Management of CSR3ES
5. Result Analyses
5.1. Analyzing Subsystem Coordination Degree of PARs
5.2. Analysis of Inter-Subsystem Coordination Degrees of PARs
5.3. Analyzing Comprehensive Coordination Degree of CSR3ES
5.4. Improvement and Measures for the Regional Coordinated Development of PARs
6. Discussion and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Feature | Common Method |
---|---|---|
Distance type | Long-term, macroeconomic, static, whole, complex | Deviation coefficient method, membership function method, gene coefficient method, set pair analysis, data envelopment analysis and so on |
Change type | Transient, dynamic, local, complex | Grey system model, differential coefficient method and so on |
Integrated type | Long-term, static, whole, simple | Geometric mean method, coupling degree method and so on |
PARs | Res | Env | Ecol | Econ | Soc | CCD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beijing | 0.4699 | 0.6815 | 0.4403 | 0.5831 | 0.6858 | 0.5655 |
Tianjin | 0.4043 | 0.6015 | 0.3148 | 0.6743 | 0.6283 | 0.5143 |
Hebei | 0.3963 | 0.5086 | 0.1840 | 0.5974 | 0.5764 | 0.4423 |
Shanxi | 0.3203 | 0.6975 | 0.3536 | 0.5688 | 0.5400 | 0.4799 |
Inner Mongolia | 0.3796 | 0.7745 | 0.3332 | 0.6250 | 0.6237 | 0.5267 |
Liaoning | 0.4266 | 0.5909 | 0.4776 | 0.6468 | 0.6578 | 0.5566 |
Jilin | 0.4635 | 0.4816 | 0.3961 | 0.5964 | 0.6424 | 0.5159 |
Heilongjiang | 0.4531 | 0.5172 | 0.4860 | 0.6177 | 0.6647 | 0.5473 |
Shanghai | 0.4437 | 0.5985 | 0.5683 | 0.5847 | 0.5731 | 0.5527 |
Jiangsu | 0.4104 | 0.6457 | 0.3126 | 0.7715 | 0.5939 | 0.5310 |
Zhejiang | 0.6242 | 0.6231 | 0.6138 | 0.7070 | 0.5702 | 0.6268 |
Anhui | 0.4284 | 0.7782 | 0.2886 | 0.5946 | 0.5051 | 0.4993 |
Fujian | 0.6206 | 0.6756 | 0.4916 | 0.5691 | 0.4920 | 0.5686 |
Jiangxi | 0.5456 | 0.6576 | 0.5303 | 0.5458 | 0.5254 | 0.5604 |
Shandong | 0.4332 | 0.5975 | 0.1983 | 0.7384 | 0.655 | 0.5081 |
Henan | 0.3937 | 0.5499 | 0.2006 | 0.5060 | 0.4849 | 0.4158 |
Hubei | 0.4631 | 0.5714 | 0.3725 | 0.5438 | 0.5188 | 0.4904 |
Hunan | 0.5210 | 0.6051 | 0.4573 | 0.5594 | 0.4468 | 0.5158 |
Guangdong | 0.5436 | 0.5696 | 0.4497 | 0.5939 | 0.458 | 0.5204 |
Guangxi | 0.5271 | 0.6686 | 0.2998 | 0.5670 | 0.2992 | 0.4583 |
Hainan | 0.5225 | 0.6324 | 0.5037 | 0.4868 | 0.5124 | 0.5313 |
Chongqing | 0.5263 | 0.6618 | 0.5653 | 0.4827 | 0.5062 | 0.5488 |
Sichuan | 0.5030 | 0.5721 | 0.4592 | 0.4569 | 0.5256 | 0.5029 |
Guizhou | 0.4190 | 0.6635 | 0.4132 | 0.4621 | 0.202 | 0.4292 |
Yunnan | 0.5228 | 0.6797 | 0.5519 | 0.4044 | 0.2853 | 0.4937 |
Tibet | 0.4527 | 0.5428 | 0.4905 | 0.2120 | 0.2793 | 0.4004 |
Shaanxi | 0.4791 | 0.5914 | 0.4959 | 0.5391 | 0.4189 | 0.5041 |
Gansu | 0.2300 | 0.5394 | 0.4535 | 0.4454 | 0.3856 | 0.4077 |
Qinghai | 0.2127 | 0.5585 | 0.4838 | 0.4142 | 0.4183 | 0.4127 |
Ningxia | 0.3702 | 0.7826 | 0.3448 | 0.5752 | 0.4762 | 0.4915 |
Xinjiang | 0.0938 | 0.7235 | 0.2389 | 0.4391 | 0.3933 | 0.3333 |
Subsystem | Top Ten | Bottom Ten |
---|---|---|
Resources | Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, Chongqing, Yunnan, Hainan, Hunan, Sichuan | Jiangsu, Tianjin, Hebei, Henan, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Shanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang |
Environment | Ningxia, Anhui, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Shanxi, Beijing, Yunnan, Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou | Sichuan, Hubei, Guangdong, Qinghai, Henan, Tibet, Gansu, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Jilin |
Ecology | Zhejiang, Shanghai, Chongqing, Yunnan, Jiangxi, Hainan, Shaanxi, Fujian, Tibet, Heilongjiang | Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Tianjin, Jiangsu, Guangxi, Anhui, Xinjiang, Henan, Shandong, Hebei |
Economy | Jiangsu, Shandong, Zhejiang, Tianjin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Jilin, Anhui | Henan, Hainan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Sichuan, Gansu, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Yunnan, Tibet |
Society | Beijing, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Shandong, Jilin, Tianjin, Inner Mongolia, Jiangsu, Hebei, Shanghai | Guangdong, Hunan, Shaanxi, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Gansu, Guangxi, Yunnan, Tibet, Guizhou |
PARs | Res-Env | Res-Ecol | Res-Econ | Res-Soc | Env-Ecol | Env-Econ | Env-Soc | Ecol-Econ | Ecol-Soc | Econ-Soc | CCD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beijing | 0.9134 | 0.5977 | 1.0000 | 0.5656 | 0.9256 | 1.0000 | 0.6379 | 1.0000 | 0.7176 | 0.8659 | 0.8102 |
Tianjin | 0.9199 | 1.0000 | 0.8176 | 0.8501 | 0.8683 | 0.8429 | 0.9099 | 0.4057 | 0.5010 | 1.0000 | 0.8163 |
Hebei | 0.9923 | 0.8566 | 0.6826 | 0.5179 | 1.0000 | 0.7446 | 0.5385 | 0.3721 | 0.2832 | 0.7938 | 0.6907 |
Shanxi | 0.6038 | 0.9509 | 0.6220 | 0.4581 | 0.7190 | 0.9093 | 0.8798 | 0.6464 | 0.5967 | 1.0000 | 0.7341 |
Inner Mongolia | 0.8701 | 0.6983 | 0.7304 | 0.4463 | 0.9053 | 0.7761 | 0.5795 | 0.5229 | 0.3798 | 0.8238 | 0.6731 |
Liaoning | 0.8808 | 0.4808 | 0.6902 | 0.5383 | 0.4652 | 0.7034 | 0.5907 | 0.7414 | 0.8901 | 0.8544 | 0.6878 |
Jilin | 0.6332 | 0.7779 | 0.9941 | 0.6774 | 0.7655 | 0.7194 | 0.5574 | 0.9937 | 0.7097 | 0.8107 | 0.7587 |
Heilongjiang | 0.5452 | 0.5034 | 0.7237 | 0.5315 | 0.5605 | 0.7121 | 0.5605 | 0.6048 | 0.9700 | 0.8141 | 0.6541 |
Shanghai | 1.0000 | 0.7246 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.7242 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.8239 | 0.6494 | 1.0000 | 0.8892 |
Jiangsu | 0.7692 | 0.9292 | 0.5552 | 0.6035 | 0.7366 | 0.5943 | 0.8812 | 0.2801 | 0.7183 | 0.9962 | 0.7001 |
Zhejiang | 0.6526 | 0.8469 | 0.7453 | 0.7288 | 0.4161 | 0.6651 | 0.9000 | 0.7071 | 0.5997 | 1.0000 | 0.7224 |
Anhui | 0.8119 | 0.7693 | 0.6914 | 0.6634 | 0.4607 | 0.8460 | 0.9508 | 0.4975 | 0.5423 | 0.9166 | 0.7141 |
Fujian | 0.6867 | 1.0000 | 0.6496 | 0.5884 | 0.9218 | 0.9782 | 0.9258 | 0.8426 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.8590 |
Jiangxi | 0.6225 | 0.6448 | 0.7484 | 0.9684 | 0.5174 | 0.9452 | 0.5571 | 0.4171 | 0.6387 | 0.8072 | 0.6813 |
Shandong | 0.9090 | 0.5966 | 0.5072 | 0.6012 | 0.8005 | 0.6223 | 0.4833 | 0.1768 | 0.1907 | 0.9350 | 0.5981 |
Henan | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.9775 | 0.8620 | 0.5528 | 0.9352 | 0.9762 | 0.4531 | 0.4188 | 1.0000 | 0.8232 |
Hubei | 0.8172 | 0.6072 | 0.9461 | 0.8932 | 0.8851 | 0.9976 | 0.8723 | 0.7853 | 0.6718 | 1.0000 | 0.8462 |
Hunan | 0.6974 | 0.7079 | 0.8866 | 0.5727 | 0.6877 | 0.8802 | 0.8937 | 0.6494 | 0.5302 | 0.9708 | 0.7437 |
Guangdong | 0.6328 | 0.9696 | 0.8007 | 0.7411 | 0.8519 | 0.7985 | 0.9493 | 0.8823 | 1.0000 | 0.9661 | 0.8573 |
Guangxi | 0.7079 | 0.5646 | 0.9485 | 0.4215 | 0.6960 | 0.8335 | 0.5771 | 0.5679 | 1.0000 | 0.8746 | 0.7127 |
Hainan | 0.7142 | 0.9187 | 0.6889 | 0.9602 | 0.9417 | 1.0000 | 0.7694 | 0.9729 | 0.9837 | 1.0000 | 0.8927 |
Chongqing | 0.7887 | 0.6089 | 0.6021 | 0.8829 | 0.5167 | 0.6800 | 1.0000 | 0.5222 | 0.7602 | 1.0000 | 0.7303 |
Sichuan | 0.5900 | 0.5976 | 0.5580 | 0.7429 | 0.4708 | 0.8396 | 0.7446 | 0.3742 | 0.7164 | 0.7756 | 0.6349 |
Guizhou | 0.8096 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.6311 | 0.7685 | 0.4782 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.8707 |
Yunnan | 0.8076 | 0.9865 | 0.4677 | 0.3345 | 0.7465 | 0.5460 | 0.5663 | 0.4228 | 0.5060 | 0.8193 | 0.6254 |
Tibet | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.7549 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.1591 | 0.2494 | 1.0000 | 0.8341 |
Shaanxi | 0.8919 | 1.0000 | 0.7875 | 0.8317 | 1.0000 | 0.9141 | 0.9408 | 0.8855 | 0.9118 | 0.9989 | 0.9155 |
Gansu | 1.0000 | 0.3420 | 0.5120 | 0.4253 | 0.6264 | 0.9513 | 1.0000 | 0.3904 | 1.0000 | 0.9592 | 0.7244 |
Qinghai | 0.5088 | 0.3091 | 1.0000 | 0.5413 | 0.5683 | 1.0000 | 0.9532 | 0.4253 | 0.7620 | 1.0000 | 0.6955 |
Ningxia | 0.7327 | 1.0000 | 0.8467 | 0.5931 | 0.7224 | 0.9192 | 1.0000 | 0.6509 | 0.8159 | 1.0000 | 0.8261 |
Xinjiang | 0.3136 | 0.4555 | 1.0000 | 0.4347 | 0.5875 | 0.8234 | 0.7111 | 0.8833 | 0.4989 | 1.0000 | 0.6511 |
Inter-Subsystem | Top Ten | Bottom Ten |
---|---|---|
Resource-Environment | Shanghai, Henan, Tibet, Gansu, Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing, Shandong, Shaanxi, Liaoning | Fujian, Zhejiang, Jilin, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Heilongjiang, Qinghai, Xinjiang |
Resource-Ecology | Tianjin, Fujian, Henan, Guizhou, Tibet, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Yunnan, Guangdong, Shanxi | Hubei, Beijing, Sichuan, Shandong, Guangxi, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Xinjiang, Gansu, Qinghai |
Resource-Economy | Beijing, Shanghai, Guizhou, Tibet, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Jilin, Henan, Guangxi, Hubei | Hainan, Hebei, Fujian, Shanxi, Chongqing, Sichuan, Jiangsu, Gansu, Shandong, Yunnan |
Resource-Society | Shanghai, Guizhou, Tibet, Jiangxi, Hainan, Hubei, Chongqing, Henan, Tianjin, Shaanxi | Qinghai, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Gansu, Guangxi, Yunnan |
Environment-Ecology | Hebei, Shaanxi, Hainan, Beijing, Fujian, Inner Mongolia, Hubei, Tianjin, Guangdong, Shandong | Xinjiang, Qinghai, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangxi, Chongqing, Sichuan, Liaoning, Anhui, Zhejiang |
Environment-Economy | Beijing, Shanghai, Hainan, Tibet, Qinghai, Hubei, Fujian, Gansu, Jiangxi, Henan | Guizhou, Hebei, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Chongqing, Zhejiang, Shandong, Jiangsu, Yunnan |
Environment-Society | Shanghai, Chongqing, Tibet, Gansu, Ningxia, Henan, Qinghai, Anhui, Guangdong, Shaanxi | Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Yunnan, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Jiangxi, Hebei, Shandong, Guizhou |
Ecology-Economy | Beijing, Guizhou, Jilin, Hainan, Shaanxi, Xinjiang, Guangdong, Fujian, Shanghai, Hubei | Qinghai, Yunnan, Jiangxi, Tianjin, Gansu, Sichuan, Hebei, Jiangsu, Shandong, Tibet |
Ecology-Society | Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Gansu, Hainan, Heilongjiang, Shaanxi, Liaoning, Ningxia | Anhui, Hunan, Yunnan, Tianjin, Xinjiang, Henan, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Tibet, Shandong |
Economy-Society | Tianjin, Shanxi, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Henan, Hubei, Hainan, Chongqing, Guizhou | Guangxi, Beijing, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Yunnan, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Jiangxi, Hebei, Sichuan |
PARs | CCD | 1 | PARs | CCD | 1 | PARs | CCD | 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beijing | 0.6769 | >0 | Anhui | 0.5971 | >0 | Sichuan | 0.5651 | >0 |
Tianjin | 0.6479 | >0 | Fujian | 0.6989 | >0 | Guizhou | 0.6113 | >0 |
Hebei | 0.5527 | >0 | Jiangxi | 0.6179 | >0 | Yunnan | 0.5557 | >0 |
Shanxi | 0.5935 | >0 | Shandong | 0.5513 | >0 | Tibet | 0.5779 | >0 |
Inner Mongolia | 0.5954 | >0 | Henan | 0.5851 | >0 | Shaanxi | 0.6794 | >0 |
Liaoning | 0.6187 | >0 | Hubei | 0.6442 | >0 | Gansu | 0.5435 | >0 |
Jilin | 0.6257 | >0 | Hunan | 0.6194 | >0 | Qinghai | 0.5357 | >0 |
Heilongjiang | 0.5983 | >0 | Guangdong | 0.6679 | >0 | Ningxia | 0.6372 | >0 |
Shanghai | 0.7010 | >0 | Guangxi | 0.5715 | >0 | Xinjiang | 0.4658 | >0 |
Jiangsu | 0.6097 | >0 | Hainan | 0.6887 | >0 | |||
Zhejiang | 0.6729 | >0 | Chongqing | 0.6331 | >0 |
PARs | Improvement Directions for Inner-Subsystem | Improvement Directions for Inter-Subsystems | Improvement Measures |
---|---|---|---|
Beijing | Ecology | Resources–Society | Improve ecology and resources subsystems to achieve coordinated development between resources and society subsystems. |
Tianjin | Ecology | Ecology–Economy | Improve ecology subsystem to achieve coordinated development between ecology and economy subsystems. |
Hebei | Ecology | Ecology–Society | Improve ecology subsystem to achieve coordinated development between ecology and society subsystems. |
Shanxi | Resources | Resources–Society | Improve resources subsystem to achieve coordinated development between resources and society subsystems. |
Inner Mongolia | Ecology | Ecology–Society | Improve ecology subsystem to achieve coordinated development between ecology and society subsystems. |
Liaoning | Resources | Environment–Ecology | Improve environment and ecology subsystems to achieve their coordinated development. |
Jilin | Ecology | Environment–Society | Improve environment and society subsystems to achieve coordinated development between environment and society subsystems. |
Heilongjiang | Resources | Resources–Ecology | Improve resources and ecology subsystems to achieve their coordinated development. |
Shanghai | Resources | Ecology–Society | Improve resources subsystem to achieve coordinated development between ecology and society subsystems. |
Jiangsu | Ecology | Ecology–Economy | Improve ecology subsystem to achieve coordinated development between ecology and economy subsystems. |
Zhejiang | Social | Environment–Ecology | Improve society subsystem to achieve coordinated development between environment and ecology subsystems. |
Anhui | Ecology | Environment–Ecology | Improve ecology subsystem to achieve coordinated development between environment and ecology subsystems. |
Fujian | Ecology | Resources–Society | Improve ecology and society subsystems to achieve coordinated development between resources and society subsystems. |
Jiangxi | Social | Ecology–Economy | Improve to society subsystem to achieve their coordinated development between ecology and economy subsystems. |
Shandong | Ecology | Ecology–Economy | Improve ecology subsystem to achieve coordinated development between ecology and economy subsystems. |
Henan | Ecology | Ecology–Society | Improve ecology subsystem to achieve coordinated development between ecology and society. subsystems |
Hubei | Ecology | Resources–Ecology | Improve ecology and resources subsystems to achieve their coordinated development. |
Hunan | Society | Ecology–Society | Improve ecology and society subsystems to achieve their coordinated development. |
Guangdong | Ecology | Resources–Environment | Improve ecology subsystem to achieve coordinated development between resources and environment subsystems. |
Guangxi | Society | Resources–Society | Improve society subsystem to achieve coordinated development between resources and society subsystems. |
Hainan | Economy | Resources–Economy | Improve economy subsystem to achieve coordinated development between resources and economy subsystems. |
Chongqing | Economy | Environment–ecology | Improve economy subsystem to achieve coordinated development between environment and ecology subsystems. |
Sichuan | Economy | Ecology–Economy | Improve economy and ecology subsystems to achieve their coordinated development. |
Guizhou | Society | Environment–Society | Improve society subsystem to achieve coordinated development between environment and society subsystems. |
Yunnan | Society | Resources–Society | Improve society subsystem to achieve coordinated development between society and resources subsystems. |
Tibet | Economy | Ecology–Economy | Improve economy subsystem to achieve coordinated development between ecology and economy subsystems. |
Shaanxi | Society | Resources–Economy | Improve society subsystem to achieve coordinated development between resources and economy subsystems. |
Gansu | Resources | Resources–Ecology | Improve resources subsystem to achieve coordinated development between resources and ecology subsystems. |
Qinghai | Resources | Resources–Ecology | Improve resources subsystem to achieve coordinated development between resources and ecology subsystems. |
Ningxia | Ecology | Resources–Society | Improve resources subsystem to achieve coordinated development between resources and society subsystems. |
Xinjiang | Resources | Resources–Environment | Improve resources subsystem to achieve coordinated development between resources and environment subsystems. |
© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Xie, M.; Wang, J.; Chen, K. Coordinated Development Analysis of the “Resources-Environment-Ecology-Economy-Society” Complex System in China. Sustainability 2016, 8, 582. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060582
Xie M, Wang J, Chen K. Coordinated Development Analysis of the “Resources-Environment-Ecology-Economy-Society” Complex System in China. Sustainability. 2016; 8(6):582. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060582
Chicago/Turabian StyleXie, Mingxia, Jiayao Wang, and Ke Chen. 2016. "Coordinated Development Analysis of the “Resources-Environment-Ecology-Economy-Society” Complex System in China" Sustainability 8, no. 6: 582. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060582