Are the Rural Electrification Efforts in the Ecuadorian Amazon Sustainable?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Theoretical Framework
2.2. Methodology
3. Ecuador
3.1. General Background
3.2. Electrification in Ecuador
3.3. Rural Electrification
4 Results
4.1. Institutional Sustainability
4.1.1. Stability
4.1.2. Regulations and Standards
4.1.3. Decentralization and Openness to Participation
4.2. Economic Sustainability
4.2.1. Cost Effectiveness and Reliability
4.2.2. Initial Investment
4.2.3. Operation and Maintenance
4.2.4. Contribution to Income of Users
4.3. Environmental Sustainability
4.3.1. Environmental Awareness
4.3.2. Environmental Impacts
4.4. Socio-Cultural Sustainability
4.4.1. Accessibility (Disparity/Equity)
4.4.2. Social Acceptance and Accuracy
4.4.3. Cultural Justice
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions and Recommendations
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ARCONEL | Agency for Regulation and Electricity Control |
CELEC | Ecuadorian Electric Corporation |
CONELEC | Agency for Regulation and Electricity Control |
CONAM | National Modernization Council |
EDC | Electricity Distribution Company |
EIU | Economist Intelligence Unit |
EEQ | Electric Compnay Quito |
FEDETA | Ecuadorian Foundation of Appropriate Technology |
FERUM | Fund for Rural and Urban-marginal Electrification |
IADB | Inter American Development Bank |
IICA | Inter-American Institute for the Cooperation in Agriculture |
INECEL | Ecuadorian Institute of Electrification |
MEER | Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy |
MICSE | Coordinating Ministry of Strategic Sectors |
MWp | Mega Watts peak |
NCRE | Non-conventional renewable energy |
NPO | Non-profit-organization |
O&M | Operation and maintenance |
PNBV | National Plan for Good Living |
PV | Photovoltaic |
RE | Renewable Energy |
SENPLADES | National Planning and Development Secretary |
UN | United Nations |
UNDP | United Nations Development Program |
Wp | Watts peak |
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Institutional | Economic | Environmental | Social/Cultural |
---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
Area | Sub-Area | Division (if applicable) |
---|---|---|
Government Institutions Energy Sector | Ministry of Electricity and RE (MEER) | Division of Renewable Energy |
Division of Energy Distribution | ||
Agency for Regulation and Electricity Control (ARCONEL, by its Spanish acronym) | Division of Planning | |
Division of Technical Regulation | ||
Division of Environmental Management | ||
National Institute for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency | Research Line on Solar Energy | |
Government Institutions Non- Energy Sector | Coordinating Ministry of Strategic Sectors (MICSE) | Sub-secretary Coordinating Ministry |
National Planning and Development Secretary (SENPLADES by its Spanish acronyms) | General Sub-secretary for Planning of Good Living | |
Ministry of Environment | Third Communication on Climate Change Mitigation | |
Academics and Research Institutes | Universities/Research Centers | Public Policies |
Sociologist | ||
Electric Engineer | ||
International Agencies | United Nations Development Program (UNDP) | Energy Division |
Inter-American Institute for the Cooperation in Agriculture (IICA by its Spanish acronyms) | Division of renewable energies | |
NPOs | Ecuadorian Foundation for the Proper Technology (FEDETA) | |
Rural Development Organization (naming undesired) | Local solar energy initiative | |
Cooperation for the Investigation on Energy | ||
Energy Companies | Electricity Distribution Companies (EDCs) | RE Unit |
Private RE Companies | RE Companies | |
Independent Energy Consultant (previously hired at EDCs) | Energy | Rural Energy |
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Feron, S.; Heinrichs, H.; Cordero, R.R. Are the Rural Electrification Efforts in the Ecuadorian Amazon Sustainable? Sustainability 2016, 8, 443. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8050443
Feron S, Heinrichs H, Cordero RR. Are the Rural Electrification Efforts in the Ecuadorian Amazon Sustainable? Sustainability. 2016; 8(5):443. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8050443
Chicago/Turabian StyleFeron, Sarah, Harald Heinrichs, and Raúl R. Cordero. 2016. "Are the Rural Electrification Efforts in the Ecuadorian Amazon Sustainable?" Sustainability 8, no. 5: 443. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8050443