Effects of Nuclear Energy on Sustainable Development and Energy Security: Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor Case
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Sustainability, Sustainable Development and Energy Security
2.2. Nuclear Energy and Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor
3. Methodology
3.1. Research Framework
3.2. Key Indicators for Sustainable Development and Energy Security
3.3. Data Collection
4. Results
4.1. Key Indicators Identification
4.2. Comparison of SFR with PWR
4.3. Comparison with Coal
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dimension | Theme | Indicator |
---|---|---|
Social | Equity | Share of households without commercial energy/electricity |
Share of household income spent on fuel and electricity | ||
Household energy use for income groups and fuel mixes | ||
Safety | Accident fatalities per energy produced by fuel chain | |
Economic | Availability (use/production) | Energy use per capita/unit of gross domestic product (GDP) |
Energy intensity (industry/agriculture/service/commercial) | ||
Energy intensity (household/transport) | ||
Resource estimates | ||
Resource-to-production ratio | ||
Reserve-to-production ratio | ||
Share of energy in total primary energy demand | ||
Share of energy in total primary energy supply | ||
Accessibility (diversification/trade) | Diversity index (energy sources) | |
Diversity index (geographical regions) | ||
Non-carbon energy share in energy | ||
End-use energy price by fuel and by sector | ||
Net energy import dependency | ||
Political stability of foreign energy supplier countries | ||
Energy security index | ||
Shannon/Jansen index | ||
Stocks of critical fuels per corresponding fuel consumption | ||
Affordability (market/price) | Energy price | |
Market liquidity | ||
Bollen’s IMP | ||
Supply–demand index | ||
Environmental | Acceptability | Carbon intensity |
Non-carbon energy shares in TPES | ||
Atmosphere | Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from energy production and use | |
Concentrations of air pollutants in air | ||
Air pollutant emissions from energy systems | ||
Water | Contaminant discharges in liquid effluents from energy systems | |
Land | Rate of acidification of soil area | |
Rate of deforestation | ||
Rate of solid waste generation to units of energy produced | ||
Rate of solid waste properly disposed of to total solid waste | ||
Rate of solid radioactive waste to units of energy produced |
Indicator | Nuclear Energy | ||
---|---|---|---|
Data Availability | Relevancy | Comparability | |
Share of households without commercial energy/electricity | ○ | ||
Share of household income spent on fuel and electricity | ○ | ||
Household energy use for income groups and fuel mixes | △ | ||
Accident fatalities per energy produced by fuel chain | △ | ○ | ○ |
Energy use per capital/unit of GDP | ○ | ||
Energy intensity (industry/agriculture/service/commercial) | ○ | ||
Energy intensity (household/transport) | ○ | ||
Resource estimates | ○ | ○ | ○ |
Resource-to-production ratio | ○ | ○ | |
RPR | ○ | ○ | ○ |
Share of energy in total primary energy demand | ○ | ||
Share of energy in total primary energy supply | ○ | ||
Diversity index (energy sources) | ○ | ||
Diversity index (geographical regions) | △ | ○ | ○ |
Non-carbon energy share in energy | ○ | ○ | ○ |
End-use energy price by fuel and by sector | ○ | ○ | ○ |
NEID | ○ | ○ | ○ |
Political stability of foreign energy supplier countries | △ | ○ | △ |
Energy security index | ○ | ○ | ○ |
Shannon/Jansen index | △ | △ | △ |
Supply–demand index | △ | △ | △ |
Stocks of critical fuels per corresponding fuel consumption | △ | ○ | ○ |
Energy price | △ | ○ | ○ |
Market liquidity | △ | ||
Bollen’s IMP | △ | ||
Carbon intensity | ○ | ○ | ○ |
Non-carbon energy shares in TPES | ○ | ○ | ○ |
Greenhouse gas emissions from energy production and use | ○ | ○ | ○ |
Concentrations of air pollutants in air | ○ | ○ | ○ |
Air pollutant emissions from energy systems | ○ | ○ | ○ |
Contaminant discharges in liquid effluents from energy systems | ○ | ○ | ○ |
Rate of acidification of soil area | ○ | ||
Rate of deforestation | ○ | ○ | ○ |
Rate of solid waste generation to units of energy produced | ○ | ○ | ○ |
Rate of solid waste properly disposed of to total solid waste | ○ | ○ | ○ |
Rate of solid radioactive waste to units of energy produced | ○ | ○ | ○ |
Dimension | Theme | Policy Objective | Indicator |
---|---|---|---|
Social | Safety | Energy safety network | Accident fatalities per energy produced by fuel chain |
Economic | Availability | Overseas energy development | RPR |
Accessibility | Stable energy supply (Nuclear and renewable energy supply expansion) | NEID | |
Affordability | Efficient energy market (Less energy price volatility) | Energy price | |
Environment | Acceptability | Climate change adaption Near-zero energy technology | Non-carbon energy shares in TPES |
Rate of solid radioactive waste properly disposed of to total solid radioactive waste | |||
Rate of solid radioactive waste to units of energy produced |
Category | Parameter | Value | SFR Cost | Parameter | Value | PWR Cost |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reactor | Cost per GW | $2.17 B/GW | $5.2 B | Cost per GW | $5.5 B/GW | $13.2 B |
Capacity | 2.4 GW | Capacity | 2.4 GW | |||
Lost power | Unit cost of electricity | $0.0494/kWh | $3.5 B | Unit cost of electricity | $0.0542/kWh | $3.9 B |
Annual running hour | 7524 h | Annual running hour | 7524 h | |||
Discount factor | 0.78 | Discount factor | 0.78 | |||
Cancer | Average cost per cancer | $5,545,242 | $21.1 B | Average cost per cancer | $5,545,242 | $21.1 B |
Number of cancers | 10,000 | Number of cancers | 10,000 | |||
Discount factor | 0.38 | Discount factor | 0.38 | |||
Environment | Area lost for agriculture | 1000 km2 | $1.6 B | Area lost for agriculture | 1000 km2 | $1.6 B |
Annual yield | 500 t/km2 | Annual yield | 500 t/ km2 | |||
Average price | $166.3/t | Average price | $166.3/t | |||
Discount factor | 0.38 | Discount factor | 0.38 |
Dimension | Theme | Indicator | SFR | PWR |
---|---|---|---|---|
Social | Safety | Nuclear accident cost | $8.7 B | $17.1 B |
Economic | Availability | RPR | >100 years | >100 years |
Accessibility | NEID | 0.212 | 0.228 | |
Affordability | ESIprice | 21.86 | 21.92 | |
Environment | Acceptability | Rate of solid radioactive waste to units of energy produced | 0.28 ton/TWh | 2.53 ton/TWh |
Disposal cost of solid radioactive wastes to units of energy produced | $93,268/TWh | $969,861/TWh |
Dimension | Theme | Indicator | SFR | Coal |
---|---|---|---|---|
Social | Safety | Accident cost | $8.7 B | $11.9 B |
Economic | Availability | RPR | 230 | 110 |
Accessibility | NEID | 0.212 | 0.254 | |
Affordability | Energy price risk | 21.86 | 25.033 | |
Environment | Acceptability | Non-carbon energy shares in TPES | 16.2% | 13.3% |
Cost of emission to units of energy produced | $93,268/TWh | $27,000,000/TWh |
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Lee, S.; Yoon, B.; Shin, J. Effects of Nuclear Energy on Sustainable Development and Energy Security: Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor Case. Sustainability 2016, 8, 979. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8100979
Lee S, Yoon B, Shin J. Effects of Nuclear Energy on Sustainable Development and Energy Security: Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor Case. Sustainability. 2016; 8(10):979. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8100979
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Sungjoo, Byungun Yoon, and Juneseuk Shin. 2016. "Effects of Nuclear Energy on Sustainable Development and Energy Security: Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor Case" Sustainability 8, no. 10: 979. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8100979