sustainability Sustainability Sustainability Sustainability 2071-1050 MDPI 10.3390/su6063301 sustainability-06-03301 Article An Extended Input Output Table Compiled for Analyzing Water Demand and Consumption at County Level in China Deng Xiangzheng 1 * Zhang Fan 2 Wang Zhan 1 Li Xing 2 Zhang Tao 1 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; E-Mails: lizwang128@gmail.com (Z.W.); zhangtaomi_2008@163.com (T.Z.) School of Mathematics and Physics, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China; E-Mails: zhangf.ccap@igsnrr.ac.cn (F.Z.); lixingcug@163.com (X.L.) Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: dengxz.ccap@gmail.com; Tel.: +86-10-6488-8990; Fax: +86-10-6485-6533. 27 05 2014 06 2014 6 6 3301 3320 06 03 2014 14 05 2014 16 05 2014 © 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. 2014

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

This paper attempts to propose hybrid methodology of compiling water resource extended input-output (IO) table at county level (According to administrative structure of China, a county is subordinate to its province, and provincial level is parallel to state level of other countries). By combining Non-Survey-based RAS-technique for possible iterated results and Partial-Survey-based current situation for actual ongoing resource-consumption, we aimed to depict a more accurate structure for water resource consumption and regional economic impact analysis at a county level in the arid area. Additionally, non-parameter methodology was adopted to interpolate missing data. Since human interventions continually have impacted on the natural environment that would finally lead to over-consumption of natural resources, we introduced water consumption caused by cultivation in the Primary Industry and water usage in other industries into a local input-output matrix of Shandan County in Gansu Province, China. Evidence of empirical analysis shows that the modified IO table can more accurately describe economic structure than weighted provincial average IO table does. Moreover, industrialization is ongoing with economic diversity and continually generating water use demand even though also stimulating imports of light industrial products according to the Partial-Survey reports. It demonstrates that industrialization and increasing household consumption drive a high speed of economic growth but with a high cost of water consumption through the Secondary and Tertiary Industries, even at a far rural area. Hence, water scarcity would be a constraint on sustainable development in regions such as Shandan County when taking economic valuation of natural water consumption into account.

 water resource consumption water scarcity input-output table provincial level county level RAS-algorithm 1. Introduction

Water scarcity has become one of the largest and worldwide problems. Year by year, increasing water demand of economic and demographic growth has driven intensive water usage among all economic sectors in many regions [1]. Some researchers in ecology, environmental economics, and agricultural economics have been working on the relationship between water resource utilization and economic growth since the 1950s. Studies at the national scale tried to figure out economic impacts on resource usage and its counterfactual experiments through a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model for discussion of environmental changes [2]. Its adaptation to predict future economic impacts of regional climate changes as one of hot issues were internationally discussed [3]. Study on interregional and intraregional interdependence for sustainable development and economic growth has also been addressed by international trade analysis [4]. However, studies of small counties have been limited by difficulties of data collection and its methodological problems, all of which bring about modification of production function back to a local input-output (IO) model.

The input-output analysis in a local region has become more and more important since it can show the economic structure in a table that is more accurate and reliable than weighted provincial table by using an advanced input-output approach. However, there is still lack of research that can spatially depict the economic behavior according to the input-output table of a small region that is located at multi-counties’ borders [5,6]. The reasons may include economic and geographical diversities among provinces, empirical weighted coefficients easily making huge deviation from the actual economic structure, and even more difficulties of data collection in a rural county. All these reasons can be attributed to extracting the local data of the regional economic structure from that of the economic structure at a higher level (e.g., national level or provincial level). Moreover, a regional production function can be very different from that at the provincial level since small economies are more dependent on imports, and it is necessary to adjust the regional production function in order to illustrate the regional final demand and original supply. Thus, it is of great significance to build regional IO tables from both economic and geographical viewpoints, especially for analyzing the water usage in a rural region.

Firstly, a regional IO table would show a correct logic transmission mechanism of an economic structure through the interdependence among sectoral inputs [7]. Since each county has its unique production function, it is necessary to avoid overestimation of economic output caused by tradeoff among those incompletion of sectors in different counties. For instance, if changes in economic outputs are driven by changes in water demand through the tertiary sectors at provincial level, we cannot say that economic impacts of water usage with a same percentage change in its subordinate county because the regional distinction should not be ignored. Moreover, hydrological data collections from observation stations at either urban area or rural area are expected with error distribution, which are usually charged by local water department at administration level in China [8]. In this research, by cooperating with relevant administration in Shandan County to get more accurate data of water consumption quantity, we can more accurately reveal the economic structure through economic impact analysis of water demand. Furthermore, compiling a regional environmentally extended-IO table is also crucially important to support persuasive policy for balancing economic development and environmental conservation at county level [9].

Secondly, data collection becomes more difficult when considering geographical diversities and multilevel administrations in a large drainage basin. For instance, in order to obtain more accurate results, we get statistic data at the county level rather than simply extract the weighted statistics provincial level. In this study, we have introduced water resource consumption in each sector so that we can calculate a balance sheet including direct and indirect economic impacts of water demand on sectoral output in order to identify how seriously the region would suffer from water scarcity on the whole. Thereby, relationships between sectoral output and water usage, as well as the sectoral economic interdependence would be derived through an extended input-output table. Thus, we would test that water scarcity would be a limiting factor of sectoral outputs when allowing production function proportional changes with proportional changes of water demand in the study area.

Furthermore, conventional IO tables ignore the interrelationship between economic activities and resource depletion. It is therefore necessary to build resource extended input-output tables for small-scale research in order to reveal economic impacts on utilization of natural resources, such as water and land. Though there have been a number of respectable research and international negotiations on natural resource utilization for supporting economic development demand at the national level [10], there are still few studies at the regional level. For example, Zhang (2011) did quantitative research on water usage in Beijing, and Titze (2011) did qualitative research on the industrial cluster in Germany through inter-regional and intra-regional analysis among basic prefectures [11,12].

This paper attempts to propose a hybrid methodology of compiling a water resource extended IO table at the county level for regional economic-resource analysis. Next part will give a literature review on IO table compilation, in which the methods and issues are summarized. The methodology of embedding water resource into the IO table is also followed. Thereafter, brief introduction of the study area and data collection is given. Our empirical results show the comparison evidence of the difference between county level IO table and provincial level IO table. The final part discussed some ongoing research of scientific issues in compiling IO tables.

 2. Literature Review

Traditional IO analysis is an analytical framework to analyze economic structure, which is developed by Leontief in the late 1930s. It is a top-down economic technique to reveal a complex national economy with close relationships between various sectors in the economic structure. Research on interdependence of industries in an economy through market-based transactions is the fundamental purpose of input-output framework [13]. An extended Leontief model is used to analyze economic impact based on a social accounting matrix by adding new rows and columns to accommodate new inputs and outputs derived from adjusted production function [14].

Water supply as the input in a traditional input-output model was considered by Lofting and Mcgauhey in 1968. He pointed out that the water resource is an essential natural resource to support the demand of civilization, industrialization and urbanization and it should be taken into account in the IO analysis [15]. Faye Duchin, particularly, recommended that the input-output methodology as a powerful tool analyzed interrelations between economy development and natural environment [16]. An IO table embedded with the natural water consumption account is an efficient way to evaluate the economic value of water usage in various sectors at both national and regional scales [17]. There have been some studies on local water resource consumption. For example, Lange incorporated water uptake data in the dynamic input-output model to assess the environmental implications of Indonesia’s second long-term development plan [18]. Kim et al. used a multi-region input-output approach to analyze water quality enhancing policies for Korea [19]. Esther Velazquez presented an input-output model to show the relationship between the sectoral water consumption and sectoral economic output in Andalusia [20]. Wang identified the relationships between production activities and their related water usage in Zhangye City through a regional input-output model [21].

However, there are still some methodological difficulties to get a reliable IO table for showing transformation of economic structure when missing statistical records have a time lag. On the one hand, some studies followed parameter-adjustment methods. For example, Stone (1961) introduced the RAS-algorithm to enhance the accuracy of the technical coefficients matrix [22,23]. Ghahramani studied missing data by using likelihood-based stochastic process [24]. On the other hand, non-parameter method also gives a tendency of data and depicted their time series vibration. For example, Kohn used the autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA) to directly predict missing data [25]. Deng et al. presented non-parameter method for interpolating missing data from a spatial perspective of the density function following a normal distribution [26]. In order to reach a reliable IO table for further research, we generated a hybrid methodology in the next section [27].

 3. Methodology 3.1. Water Consumption in Primary Industry

A water resource consumption extended input-output table at county level can be divided into three parts of the consumption in primary industry, secondary industry, and tertiary industry respectively [28]. As to water consumption in the primary industry, it is necessary to find out actual water usage in each sector because water is a specific natural resource to supply anthropogenic activities. For instance, sustainability of crops farming industry needs external investment of water resource, while traditional economic assumption advocated that forestry directly obtains water resource from precipitation and surface runoff in a climatic cycle [29]. However, it may be wrong because climatic changes would take future generation in a risk of resource scarcity. Thus, many famous economists research on an appropriate discount rate in order to explain tradeoff of the risk between current generation and future generation [30].

When considering water resource consumption in forestry sector, animal husbandry sector, and fishery, it is necessary but difficult to distinguish whether these sectors need “water resource” to support sustainable development. Since forest ecosystems and aquatic ecosystems depend on natural water resource, such as precipitation and surface runoff to a large extend to sustainable development without much human intervention, in these sectors, thus, water resource are regarded as FREE goods. It means that water resource has no economic value (price = 0) though these sectors consumed certain an amount of water resource. This can be explained that ecological water consumption would be considered as water resource supply to those particular sectors corresponding to related ecosystems, such as forest ecosystems, grassland ecosystems, and aquatic ecosystem. However, there is lack of robust methods to estimate the economic value of natural water resource.

Thereby, in order to construct a reliable regional input-output table, economic value of water has to be identified for estimating regional economic structure appropriately. For this purpose, land use for crops farming would be divided into two categories including irrigated land and non-irrigated land. Thereafter, irrigation coefficients can estimate water consumption in different land use types. Although it is difficult that estimate economic value of water of crop farming, we approached a new method of a calculation of economic value of water in different sectors.

Firstly, a difference of water consumption of irrigated land and non-irrigated land can be calculated. By taking the difference of gross economic output between these two types of land uses, we obtain economic output per unit of water resource consumption. Thereby, this is regarded as economic value of water of crops farming industry, which can be applied to calculate economic value of water demand for the output of crops farming industry: where WI is the economic value of water consumption of crop farming industry, the GO represents gross output of different land use types (irrigated and non-irrigated), the WA is the amount of water consumption of different land use types.

 3.2. Water Usage in Other Industries

With regard to water usage in other industries, the Nonsurvey method of input-output analysis is used to calculate the water resource consumption of each sector, in which a total water resource is allocated to each sector by using the water usage coefficients. Numerous researches have been conducted to estimate industrial water usage coefficients of each sector through the input-output analysis. Those research data can be used as references to obtain the water usage in each sector. Since most sectors of the Secondary and the Tertiary Industry are situated in urban area, it can be assumed that economic value of water of a particular prefecture can be captured for estimating its economic value of water usage in each sector: WIi = GOi × Ci × P where Ci is the water usage coefficients in each sector, P is the economic value of water, and the WI and GO are the economic value of water consumption and gross output.

 3.3. Mathematical Approach

The methods to construct the input-output tables can be easily grouped into three categories, including the non-survey-based method, the survey-based method, and the hybrid method, and each of them has its own outstanding characteristics [31,32]. A traditional RAS approach aims to get an updated regional input-output matrix in the “target” year. In this study, we will adopt a hybrid method which is combined both the Nonsurvey based RAS-algorithm and the Partial-survey method in the “target” year of 2007. The mathematical approach is following:

At provincial level, xin is the total output of sector i and by fin as the total demand for sector i’s product, and the above general equation represents the distribution of sector i output, also, sales of the output of each of the n sector would be derived. The following Equation (2) would summarize their parallel relationship. In Equation (3), Zin presents a row of the total intermediate demand matrix Zn, which is a sum of each sectoral output times by its coefficient at provincial level.

Xn = Zn + f n

In the original Leontief’s input-output analysis suppose the final demand drives economic structure changes, and then, leading to the input-output table changes. The key factor here is the technical coefficient () of each sector, which would represent proportional changes in each sector by final demand changes at provincial level. According to Stone’s explanation, also indicates the economic phenomena of substitution effect and fabrication effect [32,33].

In this paper, when define the regional substitution effect for sector i in region r as ; is the total consumption by sector i in region r and is gross input of sector i in r at county level. is the total input by sector i and is gross input of sector i at provincial level. In addition, when defining the regional fabrication effect for sector j in region r as ; is the total value-added payment by sector j in region r and is gross output of sector j in r at county level. is the total value-added payments by sector j and is gross output of sector j at provincial level. The regional fabrication effect gives the possibility changes in the proportion of value-added water demand in a sector’s output over iteration. Thereby, the expression of the technical coefficient () of each sector at the provincial level would also be derived in Equation (4), which also presents as initial value of the technical coefficient at county level.

In this study, the final demand was transformed into economic value of water resource consumption at county level. , is introduced, which is iteratively caused by cultivation and human activities intervention into sectoral outputs in Equation (5) when defining Equation (6) as a row of the total iteratively intermediate demand matrix Z rr at county level. Here, we designed local total final demand would be iterated and eventually burden on water consumption. In other words, we assumed other sectoral final demands would be driven by natural resource consumption.

Stone (1961) reported the RAS technique, which is known as a “biproportional” matrix balancing technique in order to attempt at refinement an improvement of the transactions and coefficients. By updating coefficient matrix with a series of adjustment terms, an adjusted coefficient matrix would be derived by the following steps [32,33].

Define as ; here u and v is the convention in literature, and v’ represents the value-added vector. Then, an evolutionary equation would be reached in Equation (7), which is the original name of RAS-algorithm through a transaction as Equation (8).

Zrr1 = Arr1X(1), by defining Zrr0 = Arr(0)X(1) where the when ri1 = ui(1) /ui0 is the first of what will be a series of adjustment terms for the logic of the row adjustments; and when sj1 = vj(1) /vj0 is the first of what will be a series of adjustment terms for the logic of the column adjustments; Note that, if the ri1 < 1, the elements in ith row of Arr(0) are all reduced when multiply by ri1, and vice versa; if the sj1 < 1, the elements in jth column of Arr1 are all reduced when multiply sj1, and vice versa. By repetition of the RAS procedures over 1992–2007, a relative consistent technical coefficient matrix would be derived when the following Equation (9) can be held. It could also predict consistent-based structural changes in the future [33,34].

Then, the total output would be given by the Leontief inverse (Le) (or the total requirements matrix) multiplied by the final demand of water resource consumption (WIa) in Equation (10) at the county level.

Xrr = (I − Arr)−1WIa = LeWIa

Additionally, Partial-Survey method as a supplement to the above RAS-algorithm, an updated accurate input-output table is reached. Although Survey method holds a higher theoretical accuracy but higher operation cost than typical Nonsurvey method, it is necessary to have at least a Partial-Survey on key sectors in a regional research, especially when most available input-output tables in China statistics yearbook were incomplete and overdue.

3.4. Non-Parameter Methodology for Missing Data Interpolation

According to the 2007 statistics yearbook of Gansu Province, we got records of Value-added input of the Tertiary Industry in Shandan County as a benchmark because we assumed the later data is better to indicate economic structure. However, there are still amount of missing data through 1992–2007 statistics yearbook at provincial level and even worse at county level. Therefore, non-parameter methodology has to be considered as a supplemental approach to interpolate missing data.

There is lack of reliable studies on incomplete dataset interpolation. Deng et al. did a non-parametric method for filling in the missing value of a cross-sectional dataset in 2012. Their model is valid when the kernel function is defined as the density function of continuous variable following a normal distribution from a spatial perspective [26]. Some others did the likelihood-based or the Bayesian stochastic process to simulate a transformation of an original point in a missing-value dataset for statistical network research, which is known as Agent-based simulation process with incomplete data [34]. In this study, we tried to follow Deng’s non-parametric method with evaluated by Kohn’s ARIMA model because the autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity may attribute the interpolation data to a non-normal distribution or a mixed distribution with lack of available time series data, such as just across 15 years in this study.

 4. Study Area

Shandan County is located between 100.6°–101.7° E, 38°–39° N in Hehei Basin. It is in the central part of Gansu Corridor, with the height between 1550 m and 4441 m. It is surrounded by mountains at three sides, and is located at soil and water conservation district of Heihe Basin under the influence of the Continental Plateau Climate. Animal husbandry is the pillar industry in this county, which is also the traditional animal husbandry base and horse breeding base in China. Gross domestic product in Shandan County is 2.01 billion in 2007, with the annual growth rate of 12.7%. The value added in agriculture sector was 0.47 billion in 2007, in which food crops, cash crops, and forage grass were the main products of the crop farming. Industrialization started relatively late in this county, so far it has formed six major pillar industries, including building material, chemical, casting, mining, and light industry and processing, with a total added value of 0.61 billion, but still being in poverty with the per capita average income of 5984 CNY in 2007.

 5. Data Collection

The principles of data collection are as follows. Firstly, data collection is based on the published provincial accounting statistics and census of business accounting statistics in China; all of which come from the Statistics Yearbook of Gansu Province published by National Bureau of Statistics of China during 1992–2007 [35]. Secondly, sectoral data in the regional input-output table of Shandan County are arranged in a uniform format, which is parallel to the format at the provincial level. Thirdly, adjusted sectoral inputs and outputs are computed according to Partial-Survey data in the study area. Fourthly, hydrological data of water consumption are offered by Water Department of Shandan County and Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

There are 12 sectors representing the economic structure at county level, which are aggregated from 144 sectors in provincial statistics. In this paper, the 12 aggregated sectors are named as agriculture (AGR), forestry (FRT), animal husbandry (HCD including Hay, Cattle, and Dairy), fisheries (FISH), and all of their service (ADS) in the Primary Industry; ferrous metal smelting and rolling industry (FSR), other non-metallic mineral mining industry (ONM), chemical raw materials and chemical products manufacturing (CPM), and other secondary industry (OSI) in the Secondary Industry; transportation and warehousing postal industry (TWP), wholesale and retail trade (WRT) , and other tertiary industries (OTI) in the Tertiary Industry (Appendix Table A1 and Appendix Table A2); with prefix of “X” as their relative input respectively; in addition, total value-added (TVA), total inputs (TI), total imports and exports (XIM), total final demand (XFD), total outputs (GO), and the error them (ERR) also presented in the Appendix.

 6. Empirical Comparison Results

By introducing water resource consumption into regional input-output table, the obvious difference between two models in Primary Industry is shown in the empirical comparison Table 1. Appendix Tables A1 included a more complete description of a RAS-IO table of Shandan County, which is obtained with hybrid methodology through the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) with the codes used for correcting RAS-IO table of Shandan County in Appendix B. In the Primary Industry of Shandan County, the regional output in agriculture sector is overestimated in weighted provincial IO table. The regional output in Agriculture sector is 17.1% lower than the weighted provincial average because cultivated land in Shandan County depends upon natural water irrigation, which contributes to the total water demand in regional economic structure. Thus, the actual output of agriculture sector is lower than its weighted provincial average proportion when taking the economic value of natural water resource into accounts. It illustrates that regional economic structure can be different from provincial economic structure when considering natural resource consumption. From the policy-making perspective, the Tertiary Industry makes more contribution to the output of Primary Industry at weighted provincial level than at county level, which is shown by the difference-percentage of input of Others in Tertiary industries for output of Primary Industry in Table 1. It is notable that the outputs of Primary Industry are aggregated outputs of those sectors in Primary Industry including agriculture (AGR), forestry (FRT), animal husbandry (HCD including Hay, Cattle, and Dairy), fisheries (FISH), and all of their services (ADS). Intuitively, transportation is addressed to rural economy development. It is very interesting that the percentage of Transportation and Warehousing Postal at the county level is much lower than the provincial average for total outputs of Primary Industry. Note here transportation is over addressed when natural resource consumption is not considered by conventional economic research on relationships between marketable consumption behaviors and transportation based on central place theory [36]. Additionally, Wholesale and Retail trade have still been debated about efficiency on rural outputs. In this study, its contribution to total output of Primary Industry at county level is lower than it is at weighted provincial level.

sustainability-06-03301-t001_Table 1

Primary Industry Output in Comparison Table of County vs. Weighted Province in 2007.

Primary Industry Total Output Weighted Provincial-level Difference from county-level Diff percentage
(Thousand CNY) (%)
Agriculture 36,955.8 −6317.9 −17.1
Forestry 1628.7 204.2 12.5
Animal Husbandry 455.1 −14.5 −3.2
Fisheries 0.3 0.0 -
Others in Primary Industry 0.1 0.0 -
Ferrous Metal Smelting & Rolling 0.0 0.0 -
Other Non-metallic Mineral Mining 0.4 −0.4 -
Chemical Raw Materials & Products Manufacturing 64,042.5 −43741.2 −68.3
Others in Secondary industry 69,635.0 −724.1 −1.0
Transportation and Warehousing Postal 1975.7 −1822.0 −92.2
Wholesale and Retail trade 559.1 −500.2 −89.5
Others in Tertiary industries 3464.1 −2658.4 −76.7

In the Secondary Industry of Shandan County, the regional output is underestimated in the weighted provincial IO table when taking natural water resource into accounts. The regional input in Other Secondary Industry for total output of Secondary Industry is 160% higher than that at weighted provincial average. This indicates that the contribution of Other Secondary Industry to local economic structure is much more underestimated as Table 2 shows. Sequentially, it illustrates potential industrialization would further contribute to economic structural changes. Moreover, sectoral input of the Other Tertiary Industry that contributes to total output in Secondary Industry is overestimated by approximately 82% at county level when comparing to that at the weighted provincial level. Additionally, sectoral input of the Secondary Industry and Tertiary Industry that contribute to total output in Tertiary Industry is overestimated at weighted provincial level. It demonstrates that the actual regional total output of Tertiary Industry is overestimated when taking natural resource consumption into account. Furthermore, according to the Partial-Survey reports, although Shandan County is located at far rural area, ongoing industrialization with economic diversity is costing natural resources and continually increasing imports from other regions, and therefore the natural resource consumption for regional industrialization is underestimated.

sustainability-06-03301-t002_Table 2

Difference Percentage of Economic Structure in Shandan County on Gansu Province.

Sectoral Input for Total Output in Other Industries Secondary Industry (%) Tertiary Industry (%)
Agriculture −92 −91
Forestry - -
Animal Husbandry - -
Fisheries - −99
Others in Primary Industry - -
Ferrous Metal Smelting & Rolling 56 -
Other Non-metallic Mineral Mining −93 -
Chemical Raw Materials & Products Manufacturing −34 −93
Others in Secondary industry 160 −16
Transportation and Warehousing Postal −93 −69
Wholesale and Retail trade - −99
Others in Tertiary industries −82 −5

From the Partial-Survey, we also found that in a short run the proportion of Household Income (HI) and Government Purchase (GP) would increase in stocks, and Export (EXP) is relatively stable when assuming the proportion of total output in 2007 Statistical Yearbook as a control volume remains unchanged. Thus, the empirical evidence shows the economic structure of Shandan County is relatively consistent during 1992–2007. Hence, these evidences further illustrate that the industrialization and increasing household consumption drive high-speed resource consumption through the Secondary and Tertiary Industries.

On the other hand, when considering the counterfactual empirical results, if the water resource becomes scarce, the cost of water consumption would be a limiting factor of the local economic structure. Hence, water should be plugged into economic structure. According to the empirical comparison results, if water scarcity happens in the future, the regional economic structure would be modified by lack of water supply. For instance, lack of water will lead to less irrigated land; then, and subsequently lack of crops production will lead to more dependence on imports, even bringing about emigration of Shandan County according to the available estimated population statistics, which indicates the growth rate of population is showing a decreasing trend but the number of population is still increasing [32]. Thus, if the water usage per person is taken into account, the domestic water resource consumption would confront severe scarcity, and future water consumption would drive economic structural changes through all sectors in this area.

 7. Conclusion and Discussion

This study aimed to depict a more accurate economic structure for water resource consumption and regional economic-resource analysis at the county level. We addressed water consumption for cultivation of the Primary Industry and water usage of other industries at Shandan County in Gansu Province, China. By taking both natural water resource and original water production sector into account, the empirical analysis results and their counterfactual deduction also show the evidence that our adjusted IO table at county level can more efficiently describe the economic structure than simply weighted provincial IO table does. First, outputs of Primary Industry and Tertiary Industry are overestimated with a simple weighted provincial IO table when plugging water resource consumption, while the output of Secondary Industry are underestimated with the weighted provincial IO table; second, regional economic structure would be very different from the weighted average because of its unique geographical and economic characteristics; finally, water resource consumption would be an limiting factor for rural development. This study proved high cost of water resource for ongoing industrialization with economic diversity in arid area. In addition, by comparing the economic structure with water consumption at county level with weighted average provincial level, it is found that far rural economic development is more dependent on natural resource of regional geographical characteristics. Therefore, more regional extended IO research should be carried out for further natural resource utilization of economic consumption at county level, particularly when polycentric population density is expending from urban to rural in China.

By combining Non-Survey-based RAS-technique for possible iterated results and Partial-Survey-based current situation for actual ongoing resource-consumption, our modified hybrid model gives more accurate regional input-output table than simple weighted coefficient model based on provincial IO table after validly interpolating those missing data. By introducing water resource consumption into the local IO table, empirical results shows hybrid method makes some improvement in presenting the regional economic structure [37]. Moreover, regional ongoing industrialization is depending on utilization of natural resource and relies on unique geographical location, especially in a far rural area. Therefore, water resource is vital importance to sustainable development in regions such as Shandan County, and water scarcity would be a constraint of regional agglomeration.

Through reviewing the methodological approach, the evaluation of RAS-algorithm with Partial-Survey would be considered as the next research direction. As different quotients make difference of substitution effects and fabrication effects in other methodologies, such as Purchases-only Location Quotients, Cross-Industry Quotients, Semilogarithmic Quotients, Regional Purchase Coefficients, all of them have their own representative case studies in different regions. Moreover, evaluation of the validation of missing data interpolation would also be an interesting research topic because regional study is usually confronted with incomplete dataset, which somehow may lead to uncertainties in the research results.

 Acknowledgments

This research was financially supported by the major research plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 91325302), the National Natural Science Funds of China for Distinguished Young Scholar (Grant No. 71225005), and National Key Program for Developing Basic Science in China (Grant No. 2010CB950900). The authors would like to thank Feng Wu and Juan Huang from Beijing Normal University, Qian Xu and Yujian Ma from China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) and Yanfei Li from Hubei University for their contributions on household survey and participating the compilation of the Input Output Tables used in the paper.

 Author Contributions

Xiangzheng Deng designed research and went through all sectional works. Fan Zhang analyzed the data; Zhan Wang performed research, analyzed the data, and wrote paper with results checking; Xing Li collected original data; Tao Zhang compiled reference list and collected background materials. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

 Appendix Appendix A sustainability-06-03301-t003_Table 3

The Shandan County Level RAS-IO table (Thousand CNY in 2007).

XWAT XAGR XFRT XHCD XFISH XADS XFSR XONM XCPM XOSI XTWP XWRT XOTI XFD GO XIM
WATER 133 548 174 1 0 0 1 1 1 99 3 1 85 6399 6142 −1304
AGR 0 28,284 0 1090 0 1263 0 0 0 4955 1572 0 266 209,207 337,947 91,309
FRT 0 0 1833 0 0 0 0 0 0 136 0 0 1 10,327 13,807 1509
HCD 0 0 0 440 0 1 0 0 0 73 0 0 2 78,037 113,299 34,747
FISH 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 4602 906 −3726
ADS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 36,571 12,261 −24,314
FSR 0 0 0 0 0 0 577,990 0 306 16131 1 0 1 43,237 624,907 −12,759
ONM 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1271 13 897 4 0 2 10,475 20,266 7603
CPM 14 19,327 496 0 0 478 1459 22 63,219 6614 11 0 846 166,629 121,714 −137,402
OSI 2534 29,375 5756 30506 2405 869 71,843 13,560 61,995 3,924,667 67,531 2069 148,177 1,460,661 2,514,478 −3,307,470
TWP 13 44 32 5 3 69 440 82 119 3362 12,326 1811 1285 199,692 254,790 35,506
WRT 0 0 0 0 0 59 0 0 0 0 3 0 11 124,571 171,759 47,115
OTI 442 161 195 120 87 242 4380 453 697 17,789 4305 6368 155,123 1,043,561 896,549 −337,374
TVA 6842 204,937 7345 92,221 5380 4692 201,792 9910 34,104 689,681 135,970 124,487 561,822 0 0 0
TI 9979 282,677 15,831 124,383 7875 7675 857,905 25,299 160,455 4,664,409 221,726 134,736 867,650 3,393,969 5,088,825
sustainability-06-03301-t004_Table 4

The Shandan IO table at Weighted Provincial Level (Thousand CNY in 2007).

XWAT XAGR XFRT XHCD XFISH XADS XFSR XONM XCPM XOSI XTWP XWRT XOTI XFD GO XIM ERR
WATER 129 12,402 1401 81 0 4 223 39 110 7090 308 130 6367 6399 6142 −2264 −26,276
AGR 0 25,343 0 8492 0 3120 0 0 0 59,236 15,132 0 6152 207,357 337,947 −8151 21,266
FRT 0 0 1607 0 0 22 89 0 13 10,837 4 0 323 10,235 13,807 −4686 −4636
HCD 0 0 0 434 0 21 0 0 0 6857 0 0 309 77,347 113,299 −1203 29,534
FISH 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 172 0 0 4712 4561 906 −3893 −4647
ADS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1803 0 0 0 36,248 12,261 −32,200 6411
FSR 0 0 0 0 0 0 294,502 0 1776 84,927 17 0 10 338,223 624,907 −138,662 44,115
ONM 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 1176 541 27,608 287 0 166 10,383 20,266 −1334 −18,613
CPM 82 59,662 1648 0 0 2733 13,775 208 40,308 53,905 170 0 12,523 165,156 121,714 −131,423 −97,033
OSI 1129 38,640 2974 27,127 212 682 82,531 7828 40,035 1,436,127 70,307 5703 183,543 1,414,133 2,514,478 −736,680 −59,813
TWP 67 1173 218 107 3 475 7938 667 1624 47,876 11,414 15,682 22,049 197,926 254,790 −63,809 11,381
WRT 0 0 0 0 0 559 8 0 4 42 349 0 1451 123,469 171,759 0 45,877
OTI 599 1521 410 913 22 597 26227 1301 3572 100,547 22,686 26,774 124,480 1,034,332 896,549 −499,866 52,434
TVA 4135 199,206 5549 76,144 668 4048 199,561 9048 33,733 677,453 134,117 123,469 534,466 0 0 0 0
TI 6142 337,947 13,807 113,299 906 12,261 624,907 20,266 121,714 2,514,478 254,790 171,759 896,549 3,393,969 5,088,825 0 0
Appendix B. GAMS codes used for correcting RAS-IO table of Shandan County.

$SETGLOBAL PROGPATH E:\IGSSNR\Shandan\code

*$SETGLOBAL DATAPATH E:\IGSSNR\Shandan\code\data\

*$SETGLOBAL DATANAM Shandan

SETS

i SECTORS/

WAT Water

AGR Agriculture

FRT Forestry

HCD Animal Husbandry

FISH Fisheries

ADS Others in Primary Industry

FSR Ferrous Metal Smelting & Rolling

ONM Other Non-metallic Mineral Mining

CPM Chemical Raw Materials & Chemical Products Manufacturing

OSI Others in Secondary industry

TWP Transportation and Warehousing Postal

WRT Wholesale and Retail trade

OTI Others in Tertiary industries

TVA Value-added

/,

HH columns/

XWAT water

XAGR Agriculture

XFRT Forestry

XHCD Animal Husbandry

XFISH Fisheries

XADS Others in Primary Industry

XFSR Ferrous Metal Smelting & Rolling

XONM Other Non-metallic Mineral Mining

XCPM Chemical Raw Materials & Chemical Products Manufacturing

XOSI Others in Secondary industry

XTWP Transportation and Warehousing Postal

XWRT Wholesale and Retail trade

XOTI Others in Tertiary industries

* XIMP Imports

XFD Final Demand

/;

* Program requires three different data inputs:

* CONFLOW: the matrix of original flows

* C0: column containing row sum controls

* CON: column containing column sum controls

TABLE CONFLOW(i,hh) INITIAL PRIVATE CONSUMPTION FLOWS

* weighted privincial level IO table should be followed;

PARAMETER c0(i) Control vector;

c0("WAT") = 6141.94302;

c0("AGR") = 337947.33512;

c0("FRT") =13806.9385;

c0("HCD") = 113299.11636;

c0("FISH") = 905.8044;

c0("ADS") = 12261.47662;

c0("FSR") = 624906.5642;

c0("ONM") = 20266.28528;

c0("CPM") = 121714.10924;

c0("OSI") = 2514477.82296;

c0("TWP") = 254789.58278;

c0("WRT") = 171758.5029;

c0("OTI") = 896549.4087;

c0("TVA") = 0.0;

PARAMETER CON(hh) AGGREGATE INPUT CONSUMPTION LEVELS;

CON("XWAT") = 6141.94302;

CON("XAGR") = 337947.33512;

CON("XFRT") = 13806.9385;

CON("XHCD") = 113299.11636;

CON("XFISH") = 905.8044;

CON("XADS") = 12261.47662;

CON("XFSR") = 624906.5642;

CON("XONM") = 20266.28528;

CON("XCPM") = 121714.10924;

CON("XOSI") = 2514477.82296;

CON("XTWP") = 254789.58278;

CON("XWRT") = 171758.5029;

CON("XOTI") = 896549.4087;

CON("XFD") = 0.0;

ALIAS(I,RR);

ALIAS(HH,CC);

PARAMETER a0(rr,cc) Initial coefficients matrix to RAS

a1(rr,cc) Final coefficients matrix after RAS

rasmat0(rr,cc) Initial flows matrix to RAS

ct(cc) RAS column control totals

rt(rr) RAS row control totals

ratio Adjustment parameter on control totals

checkcol Check sum of column control totals

checkrow Check sum of row control totals

sumccc Original column sums of RAS matrix

sumrrr Original row sums of RAS matrix;

VARIABLES

DEV Deviations

RASMAT(rr,cc) RASed matrix

R1(rr) Rho of RAS matrix

S1(cc) Sigma of RAS matrix

LOSS Objective (loss) function value;

* Parameter initialization

sumccc(cc) = SUM(rr, conflow(rr,cc));

sumrrr(rr) = SUM(cc, conflow(rr,cc));

a0(rr,cc) = conflow(rr,cc) / sumccc(cc);

rasmat0(rr,cc) = a0(rr,cc) * CON(cc);

ct(cc) = CON(cc);

rt(rr) = c0(rr);

ratio = SUM(rr, rt(rr))/SUM(cc, ct(cc));

ct(cc) = ct(cc) * ratio;

checkcol = SUM(cc, ct(cc));

checkrow = SUM(rr, rt(rr));

display ratio, checkcol, checkrow;

display conflow, a0;

display con, ct;

display c0, rt;

* Variable initialization

DEV.L = 0.0;

R1.L(rr) = 1;

S1.L(cc) = 1;

RASMAT.L(rr,cc) = a0(rr,cc) * ct(cc);

CON(cc) = ct(cc);

EQUATIONS

BIPROP(rr,cc) Bi-proportionality for RAS matrix

DEVSQ Definition of squared deviations

OBJ Objective function

RCONST(rr) Row constraint

CCONST(cc) Column constraint;

BIPROP(rr,cc).. RASMAT(rr,cc) =E= R1(rr)*S1(cc)*rasmat0(rr,cc);

CCONST(cc).. ct(cc) = E = SUM(rr, RASMAT(rr,cc));

RCONST(rr).. rt(rr) = E = SUM(cc, RASMAT(rr,cc));

DEVSQ.. DEV = E = SUM( (rr,cc)$rasmat0(rr,cc),

SQR( (RASMAT(rr,cc) − rasmat0(rr,cc))/rasmat0(rr,cc)));

OBJ.. LOSS = E = SUM(rr, R1(rr)**2 + (1/R1(rr))**2 )

+ SUM(cc, S1(cc)**2 + (1/S1(cc))**2);

* Variable bounds

RASMAT.LO(rr,cc) = 0.0;

R1.LO(rr) = 0.01;

S1.LO(cc) = 0.01;

MODEL CONSUMERAS/BIPROP

CCONST

RCONST

* DEVSQ

OBJ/;

*DEVSQ is commented out

OPTIONS ITERLIM = 10000,LIMROW = 0,LIMCOL = 0,SOLPRINT=OFF;

SOLVE CONSUMERAS USING NLP MINIMIZING LOSS;

display rasmat.l, r1.l, s1.l;

a1(rr,cc) = rasmat.l(rr,cc)/ct(cc);

display a0, a1;

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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