Improving Psychological Well-Being in Urban University Districts through Biophilic Design: Two Cases in Mexico
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- The type of natural features: better quality and quantity of nature characterize and define “natural features” (including size, type, composition, spatial configuration, biodiversity, and other attributes of land covers/uses);
- The exposure to these features: easier access to nature characterizes “exposure” of people to nature (and/or type of “use”) through an accounting/estimation of the proximity, likelihood, and duration of nature contact of this nature to people;
- The experience with these features: the intensity of the interaction with nature illustrates some of the crucial characteristics of nature exposure (i.e., nature experience) types, forms, and the intensity of the experience that exposure instantiates through the approaches captured in the notions of “interaction pattern” and “dose”.
Biophilic Design
- -
- Directly through the restorative effect of nature;
- -
- Providing opportunities for positive social contact;
- -
- Providing opportunities for physical activity.
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Connectedness to Nature and Psychological Well-Being
3.2. Identification of Suitable Biophilic Patterns
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Measurement Scales | Specific Objectives |
---|---|
The Connectedness with Nature Scale [76] | To measure the level of affective and experiential connection of individuals with nature. |
Mood Rating Scale [77] | To assess four emotional states: depression, anxiety, hostility or anger, and joy. |
The Satisfaction with Life scale [78] | Measures individuals’ global cognitive judgments of satisfaction with their life. |
The Perceived Stress Scale [79] | To assess the level of stress involved in different life situations. |
World Health Organization’s Quality of Life Scale WHOQOL-BREF [80] | To assess the quality of life in general and four domains: physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environmental health. |
Nature in Space | Natural Analogues | Nature of Space |
---|---|---|
Visual Connection with Nature | Biomorphic shapes and patterns | Perspective |
Non-Visual Connection with Nature | Material connection with nature | Refuge |
Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli | Complexity and order | Mystery |
Thermal and Airflow Variability | Risk/danger | |
Presence of Water | ||
Dynamic and Diffuse Light | ||
Connection with Natural Systems |
Biophilic Patterns and Code | Characterization of Elements |
---|---|
1. Visual Connection With Nature (VCWN) | Views, natural elements, natural processes. |
2. Non-Visual Connection With Nature (N-VCWN) | Noise, Touch, Smell, taste, Sight. Positive perception regarding nature. |
3. Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli (N-RSS) | Random, ephemeral behavior regarding the connection with nature. |
4. Thermal Variability and Airflow (TVA) | Air temperature, relative humidity, airflow across the skin, and surface temperatures that mimic natural environments. |
5. Presence of Water (PW) | Hear and touch Water, experience improvement. |
6. Dynamic And Diffused Light (DDL) | Light and shadow, experience of the natural. |
7. Connection With Natural Systems (CWNS) | Seasonal changes, healthy ecosystems. |
8. Biomorphic Forms and Patterns (BFAP) | Symbolic: natural form, texture, rhythm, order. |
9. Material Connection With Nature (MCWN) | Materials and elements of nature that local ecology or geology. Distinctive sense of place. |
10. Complexity And Order (CAO) | Rich sensory information and hierarchy, spatial. |
11. Perspective (PER) | Free view, monitoring and planning. |
12. Refuge (REF) | Place of Protection, to minimize risk, security. |
13. Mystery (MY) | Attraction, Curiosity, Surprise. |
14. Danger/Risk (D/R) | A threat, trust level. |
Variable | Mean | SD | Minimum | Maximum | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Connectedness to Nature | 54.09 | 9.36 | 24.00 | 70.00 | |
Psychological Well-Being | Depression | 9.20 | 4.24 | 4.00 | 20.00 |
Anxiety | 10.20 | 4.41 | 4.00 | 20.00 | |
Hostility | 7.75 | 4.11 | 4.00 | 20.00 | |
Happiness | 13.25 | 3.66 | 4.00 | 20.00 | |
Life Satisfaction | 25.26 | 6.26 | 6.00 | 35.00 | |
Perceived Stress | 40.94 | 9.37 | 17.00 | 62.00 | |
QOL Perceived | 4.20 | 0.80 | 1.00 | 5.00 | |
Subjective Health | 4.01 | 0.92 | 1.00 | 5.00 | |
QOL Physical Health | 27.93 | 4.86 | 13.00 | 35.00 | |
QOL Psychological | 22.41 | 4.43 | 8.00 | 30.00 | |
QOL Social Relationships | 11.42 | 2.61 | 3.00 | 15.00 | |
QOL Environmental | 31.61 | 5.05 | 17.00 | 40.00 | |
CV General | 101.61 | 14.65 | 60.00 | 128.00 |
Variable | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Connectedness to nature | 1 | |||||||||||||
2. Depression | −0.041 | 1 | ||||||||||||
3. Anxiety | −0.054 | 0.668 ** | 1 | |||||||||||
4. Hostility | −0.069 | 0.663 ** | 0.651 ** | 1 | ||||||||||
5. Happiness | 0.159 ** | −0.434 ** | −0.363 ** | −0.320 ** | 1 | |||||||||
6. Life satisfaction | 0.302 *** | −0.269 ** | −0.288 ** | −0.378 ** | 0.445 ** | 1 | ||||||||
7. Perceived stress | −0.175 ** | 0.494 ** | 0.596 ** | 0.414 ** | −0.389 ** | −0.540 ** | 1 | |||||||
8. QOL perceived | 0.056 | −0.103 | −0.122 * | −0.236 ** | 0.265 ** | 0.538 ** | −0.193 ** | 1 | ||||||
9. Subjetive health | 0.018 | −0.206 ** | −0.248 ** | −0.278 ** | 0.287 ** | 0.405 ** | −0.255 ** | 0.470 ** | 1 | |||||
10. QOL Physical health | 0.154 * | −0.447 ** | −0.475 ** | −0.463 ** | 0.447 ** | 0.549 ** | −0.472 ** | 0.432 ** | 0.523 ** | 1 | ||||
11. QOL Psychological | 0.282 *** | −0.527 ** | −0.552 ** | −0.445 ** | 0.526 ** | 0.652 ** | −0.679 ** | 0.289 ** | 0.403 ** | 0.674 ** | 1 | |||
12. QOL Social relationships | 0.133 * | −0.338 ** | −0.330 ** | −0.273 ** | 0.338 ** | 0.512 ** | −0.385 ** | 0.398 ** | 0.298 ** | 0.479 ** | 0.547 ** | 1 | ||
13. QOL Enviromental | 0.112 | −0.226 ** | −0.229 ** | −0.315 ** | 0.319 ** | 0.571 ** | −0.298 ** | 0.629 ** | 0.450 ** | 0.543 ** | 0.434 ** | 0.409 ** | 1 | |
14. QOL General | 0.203 *** | −0.466 ** | −0.485 ** | −0.477 ** | 0.511 ** | 0.725 ** | −0.560 ** | 0.603 ** | 0.593 ** | 0.866 ** | 0.815 ** | 0.685 ** | 0.792 ** | 1 |
Variables of Psychological Well-Being | F | n2 | p |
---|---|---|---|
Happiness | 1.264 | 0.184 | 0.145 |
Depression | 1.451 | 0.206 | 0.047 |
Anxiety | 1.065 | 0.160 | 0.374 |
Hostility | 1.204 | 0.177 | 0.199 |
Perceived stress | 1.937 | 0.2570 | 0.001 |
Life satisfaction | 2.311 | 0.292 | 0.000 |
QOL General | 1.700 | 0.233 | 0.008 |
QOL Perceived | 1.362 | 0.195 | 0.082 |
Subjective Health | 1.001 | 0.151 | 0.477 |
QOL Physical Health | 1.389 | 0.198 | 0.070 |
QOL Psychological | 2.117 | 0.274 | 0.000 |
QOL Social Relationships | 1.547 | 0.216 | 0.002 |
QOL Environmental | 1.537 | 0.215 | 0.026 |
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Cobreros, C.; Medoza-Ruvalcaba, N.; Flores-García, M.; Roggema, R. Improving Psychological Well-Being in Urban University Districts through Biophilic Design: Two Cases in Mexico. Sustainability 2023, 15, 5703. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075703
Cobreros C, Medoza-Ruvalcaba N, Flores-García M, Roggema R. Improving Psychological Well-Being in Urban University Districts through Biophilic Design: Two Cases in Mexico. Sustainability. 2023; 15(7):5703. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075703
Chicago/Turabian StyleCobreros, Carlos, Neyda Medoza-Ruvalcaba, Mariana Flores-García, and Rob Roggema. 2023. "Improving Psychological Well-Being in Urban University Districts through Biophilic Design: Two Cases in Mexico" Sustainability 15, no. 7: 5703. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075703