Extraction and Spatiotemporal Evolution Analysis of Impervious Surface and Surface Runoff in Main Urban Region of Hefei City, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of the Study Area
2.2. Data Sources
2.2.1. Satellite Data
2.2.2. Soil Data
2.2.3. Precipitation Data
2.3. BCI Index-Based LSMM
2.4. Curve Number (CN) Calculation Method
2.4.1. SCS-CN Model
2.4.2. Parameter Selection
2.5. Change Analysis Method
2.5.1. Quantity Change
2.5.2. Spatial Variation
2.6. Evaluation of Indicators
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Spatiotemporal Evolution of IS
3.2. Spatiotemporal Evolution Analysis of SR
3.3. Correlation and Regression Analysis of Impervious Coverage and SR
3.3.1. Correlation Analysis
3.3.2. Regression Analysis
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The study’s results demonstrated the effectiveness of the BCI index-based LSMM in extracting the IS, vegetation, and soil coverage of the MUR of Hefei City. The SCS-CN model was utilized to simulate the SR in the MUR of Hefei City. The simulation accuracy was evaluated using typical waterlogging points and proved good.
- (2)
- The IS area in the MUR of Hefei City showed an upward trend from 2001 to 2021. The V and the AGR values exhibited increasing–decreasing–increasing trends. The highest V and AGR values were observed between 2001 and 2005. The distribution of impervious surfaces displayed strong directional variation and was relatively concentrated in Shushan District. The average center of the IS did not vary significantly from 2001 to 2021, showing a gradual movement towards the southwestern part of the study area (Shushan District).
- (3)
- At a rainfall intensity value of 200 mm/d, the SR (165–195 mm) in the MUR of Hefei City revealed a continuous expansion from the city center to the surrounding areas of the study area between 2001 and 2021. In addition, the typical waterlogging points were located in areas with high simulated SR values (above 165 mm). The average center of SR for 2001–2021 did not reveal considerable changes, showing a gradual movement towards the northeastern and northwestern parts of the study area and being primarily distributed in the Shushan District.
- (4)
- There were positive correlations between the impervious coverage and SR in the MUR of Hefei City over the studied period. Based on the study’s results, it is crucial to maintain an IS below 30% in Hefei City to reduce SR amounts and ensure effective control of urban flooding.
- (5)
- The findings can provide a reference for optimizing the spatial pattern of urban impervious surfaces and controlling SR.
- (6)
- Due to a lack of measured SR data in the MUR of Hefei City, field verification is insufficient. In future research, the authors will fully consider the measured SR data and urban drainage network data to make the research results and methods more practical and scientific.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Years | Image Number | Time | Cloud (%) |
---|---|---|---|
2001 | LE71210382001141EDC00 | 21 May 2001 | 0.24 |
2005 | LT51210382005144BJC00 | 24 May 2005 | 1.48 |
2009 | LT51210382009123BJC00 | 3 May 2009 | 0.71 |
2013 | LC81210382013134LGN03 | 14 May 2013 | 0.03 |
2017 | LC81210382017113LGN00 | 23 April 2017 | 0.56 |
2021 | LC81210382021156LGN00 | 5 June 2021 | 2.66 |
Type | Hydrological Properties | ||
---|---|---|---|
A | Thick sand, thick loess, agglomerated silt soil | 7.26–11.43 | 77 |
B | Thin loess, sandy loam | 3.81–7.26 | 86 |
C | Clay loam, thin sandy loam, soil with low organic matter content, soil with high clay content | 1.27–3.81 | 91 |
D | Soils that swell significantly after absorbing water, plastic clays, certain saline soils | 0–1.27 | 94 |
IS Coverage (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | C | D | |
0–19 | 54 | 70 | 80 | 85 |
20–49 | 51 | 74 | 82 | 86 |
50–79 | 77 | 85 | 89 | 92 |
80–100 | 89 | 94 | 96 | 97 |
Type | NDVI | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | C | D | |||
Others | NDVI < 0.4 | — | 59 | 74 | 82 | 86 |
Farmland | 0.4 < NDVI < 0.57 | 65 | 73 | 79 | 81 | |
61 | 70 | 77 | 80 | |||
Grassland | 0.57 < NDVI < 0.65 | 68 | 79 | 86 | 89 | |
49 | 69 | 79 | 84 | |||
39 | 61 | 74 | 80 | |||
Trees | NDVI > 0.65 | 48 | 67 | 77 | 83 | |
35 | 56 | 70 | 77 | |||
30 | 48 | 65 | 73 |
Year | RMSE | MAE | SE | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LSMM | BCI Index-Based LSMM | LSMM | BCI Index-Based LSMM | LSMM | BCI Index-Based LSMM | |
2001 | 0.30 | 0.17 | 0.25 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.03 |
2005 | 0.27 | 0.15 | 0.22 | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.02 |
2009 | 0.27 | 0.15 | 0.22 | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.02 |
2013 | 0.36 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.24 | 0.13 | 0.09 |
2017 | 0.49 | 0.33 | 0.41 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.11 |
2021 | 0.29 | 0.26 | 0.24 | 0.19 | 0.08 | 0.06 |
Year | Area (km2) | Area Ratio (%) | Period | V (km2/Year) | AGR (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2001 | 107.555 | 8.205 | 2001–2005 | 24.839 | 23.094 |
2005 | 206.910 | 15.785 | 2005–2009 | 21.273 | 10.281 |
2009 | 292.001 | 22.276 | 2009–2013 | 6.105 | 2.091 |
2013 | 316.421 | 24.139 | 2013–2017 | 6.573 | 2.077 |
2017 | 342.713 | 26.145 | 2017–2021 | 11.237 | 3.279 |
2021 | 387.660 | 29.573 | / | / | / |
Yaohai District | Luyang District | Shushan District | Baohe District | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
V | AGR | V | AGR | V | AGR | V | AGR | |
2001–2005 | 5.3 | 18.346 | 3.464 | 22.562 | 9.494 | 21.264 | 6.586 | 35.239 |
2005–2009 | 2.821 | 5.631 | 1.092 | 3.739 | 9.636 | 11.663 | 7.729 | 17.164 |
2009–2013 | 3.169 | 5.163 | −0.472 | −1.406 | 4.004 | 2.067 | −0.606 | −0.798 |
2013–2017 | 2.632 | 3.554 | 0.053 | 0.166 | 0.826 | 0.602 | 3.05 | 4.148 |
2017–2021 | 1.418 | 1.676 | 0.285 | 0.892 | 10.443 | 7.434 | −0.893 | −1.042 |
Year | Yaohai District | Luyang District | Shushan District | Baohe District | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area | Area Ratio | Area | Area Ratio | Area | Area Ratio | Area | Area Ratio | |
2001 | 28.89 | 13.027 | 15.352 | 11.129 | 44.646 | 6.853 | 18.689 | 6.235 |
2005 | 50.091 | 22.586 | 29.207 | 21.173 | 82.62 | 12.682 | 45.032 | 15.024 |
2009 | 61.374 | 27.674 | 33.575 | 24.340 | 121.163 | 18.598 | 75.949 | 25.339 |
2013 | 74.049 | 33.389 | 31.687 | 22.971 | 137.179 | 21.057 | 73.526 | 24.531 |
2017 | 84.576 | 38.136 | 31.898 | 23.124 | 140.483 | 21.564 | 85.724 | 28.601 |
2021 | 90.247 | 40.693 | 33.036 | 23.949 | 182.255 | 27.976 | 82.151 | 27.409 |
Year | Deflection Angle (°) | Long Radius (km) | Short Radius (km) | Oblateness ((Long Radius-Short Radius)/Long Radius) | Mean Center Coordinates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2001 | 98.696 | 10.614 | 5.922 | 0.442 | 117°9.10′ E, 31°52.39′ N |
2005 | 104.645 | 10.584 | 6.560 | 0.380 | 117°10.06′ E, 31°52.55′ N |
2009 | 106.807 | 10.616 | 6.563 | 0.382 | 117°9.30′ E, 31°52.46′ N |
2013 | 99.782 | 10.512 | 6.126 | 0.417 | 117°8.17′ E, 31°52.01′ N |
2017 | 107.066 | 11.302 | 5.986 | 0.470 | 117°8.08′ E, 31°52.21′ N |
2021 | 106.951 | 11.386 | 5.810 | 0.490 | 117°8.27′ E,31°52.29′ N |
Year | Deflection Angle (°) | Long Radius (km) | Short Radius (km) | Oblateness ((Long Radius-Short Radius)/Long Radius) | Mean Center Coordinates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2001 | 95.719 | 10.633 | 6.142 | 0.422 | 117°8.77′ E, 31°52.89′ N |
2005 | 103.878 | 10.417 | 6.383 | 0.387 | 117°9.63′ E, 31°52.45′ N |
2009 | 102.537 | 9.683 | 6.013 | 0.379 | 117°11.63′ E, 31°52.15′ N |
2013 | 99.973 | 10.494 | 6.355 | 0.394 | 117°10.40′ E, 31°52.06′ N |
2017 | 102.509 | 10.345 | 6.374 | 0.384 | 117°10.89′ E, 31°51.75′ N |
2021 | 99.837 | 10.634 | 6.271 | 0.410 | 117°10.06′ E, 31°52.31′ N |
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Fang, G.; Li, H.; Dong, J.; Teng, H.; Pablo, R.D.A., II; Zhu, Y. Extraction and Spatiotemporal Evolution Analysis of Impervious Surface and Surface Runoff in Main Urban Region of Hefei City, China. Sustainability 2023, 15, 10537. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310537
Fang G, Li H, Dong J, Teng H, Pablo RDA II, Zhu Y. Extraction and Spatiotemporal Evolution Analysis of Impervious Surface and Surface Runoff in Main Urban Region of Hefei City, China. Sustainability. 2023; 15(13):10537. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310537
Chicago/Turabian StyleFang, Gang, Han Li, Jie Dong, Hanyang Teng, Renato Dan A. Pablo, II, and Yin Zhu. 2023. "Extraction and Spatiotemporal Evolution Analysis of Impervious Surface and Surface Runoff in Main Urban Region of Hefei City, China" Sustainability 15, no. 13: 10537. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310537