Improving Anaerobic Digestion of Brewery and Distillery Spent Grains through Aeration across a Silicone Membrane
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Digester Descriptions
2.2. Digestate Recirculation
2.3. Digester Operation
2.4. Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Silicone Membrane Properties
3.2. Biogas Production and Wastewater Analysis
3.3. Feedstock ICP
3.4. Secondary Aerobic Digester Performance
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Recirculation Treatment | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | None | 26 mm Nitrogen | 26 mm Air | 100 mm Air |
Biogas characteristics | ||||
Weekly biogas (L) | 78.4 ± 11.1 b | 42.3 ± 4.79 c | 82.7 ± 9.01 b | 99.9 ± 9.69 a |
Methane (mg L−1) | 514 ± 23.6 a | 382 ± 30.9 b | 473 ± 27.2 a | 499 ± 24.1 a |
Carbon dioxide (mg L−1) | 382 ± 14.0 b | 509 ± 29.6 a | 406 ± 21.0 b | 366 ± 13.1 b |
Methane (g week−1) | 44.3 ± 6.74 b | 18.7 ± 2.54 c | 44.4 ± 5.28 b | 55.7 ± 5.79 a |
Carbon dioxide (g week−1) | 30.0 ± 4.10 b | 22.6 ±2.80 c | 32.3 ± 3.73 a,b | 36.7 ± 3.82 a |
Digestate characteristics | ||||
pH | 6.98 ± 0.04 a | 6.50 ± 0.08 b | 6.92 ± 0.04 a | 7.01 ± 0.04 a |
Bicarbonate (millimolar) | 14.2 ± 1.06 a | 7.42 ± 0.95 b | 13.2 ± 0.98 a | 15.4 ± 1.14 a |
Solvated carbon dioxide (millimolar) | 3.05 ± 0.16 b | 4.49 ± 0.33 a | 3.31 ± 0.21 b | 3.10 ± 0.17 b |
Solvated methane (millimolar) | 18.0 ± 3.37 a | 10.2 ± 1.83 c | 15.4 ± 2.76 b | 18.5 ± 3.43 a |
Ammonium (mg L−1) | 195 ± 21.5 ab | 197 ± 23.2 ab | 177 ± 23.1 b | 208 ± 22.5 a |
Nitrate (mg L−1) | 1.31 ± 0.33 a | 1.59 ± 0.37 a | 1.09 ± 0.28 a | 1.13 ± 0.33 a |
Nitrite (mg L−1) | 3.07 ± 1.31 a | 2.60 ± 0.99 a | 3.21 ± 1.27 a | 3.19 ± 1.19 a |
Phosphate (mg L−1) | 10.4 ± 2.38 a | 9.78 ± 2.38 a | 12.7 ± 3.18 a | 13.4 ± 3.52 a |
Sulfate (mg L−1) | 0.49 ± 0.13 a | 0.97 ± 0.38 a | 0.42 ± 0.08 a | 0.43 ± 0.10 a |
Chemical oxygen demand (mg L−1) | 2510 ± 291 c | 6700 ± 616 a | 3700 ± 357 b | 2320 ± 298 c |
Recirculation Treatment | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Acid | None | 26 mm Nitrogen | 26 mm Air | 100 mm Air |
Concentration (Micromolar) | ||||
Lactic | 54.4 ± 16.1 a | 50.1 ± 16.8 a | 97.6 ± 28.9 a | 174 ± 34.0 a |
Formic | 2490 ± 517 b | 6700 ± 831 a | 3300 ± 1270 b | 696 ± 166 b |
Acetic | 1600 ± 471 b | 1950 ± 592 b | 16,500 ± 2280 a | 5720 ± 1870 b |
Propanoic | 2600 ± 634 b | 2690 ± 435 b | 6070 ± 1090 a | 3580 ± 985 b |
2-Methylpropanoic | 464 ± 158 a | 991 ± 249 a | 645 ± 155 a | 1570 ± 1000 a |
Butyric | 91.6 ± 41.1 b | 346 ± 81.2 b | 1750 ± 557 a | 1070 ± 380 ab |
Total identified | 7300 ± 1350 b | 12,700 ± 1530 b | 28,400 ± 3480 a | 12,700 ± 3010 b |
Feedstock | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Element | Brewers’ Spent Grain | Distillers’ Spent Grain | Swine Lagoon Sludge | Dairy Manure |
Concentration (Milligrams L−1) | ||||
Calcium | 3240 | 73.4 | 129 | 1790 |
Magnesium | 2890 | 182 | 37.9 | 485 |
Potassium | 1620 | 560 | 655 | 2724 |
Sodium | 186 | 11.7 | 1.27 | 10.8 |
Iron | 210 | 5.14 | 10.4 | 84.1 |
Zinc | 88.7 | 4.26 | 4.42 | 7.92 |
Manganese | 52.1 | 4.83 | 1.27 | 10.8 |
Copper | 31.4 | 0.147 | 2.17 | 2.33 |
Nickel | 0.90 | 0.02 | 0.037 | 0.18 |
Molybdenum | bdl * | bdl | bdl | bdl |
Cobalt | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl |
Primary Digester Treatment | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | None | 26 mm Nitrogen | 26 mm Air | 100 mm Air |
Chemical oxygen demand (mg L−1) * | 1300 ± 175 b | 2350 ± 153 a | 1770 ± 268 ab | 1390 ± 138 b |
pH † | 7.95 ± 0.04 a | 7.84 ± 0.04 ab | 7.75 ± 0.04 b | 7.68 ± 0.04 b |
Bicarbonate (millimolar) † | 15.1 ± 0.98 a | 15.8 ± 1.34 a | 19.3 ± 1.47 a | 16.7 ± 1.23 a |
Solvated carbon dioxide (millimolar) † | 0.72 ± 0.14 a | 0.67 ± 0.20 a | 0.98 ± 0.14 a | 1.03 ± 0.15 a |
Solvated methane (millimolar) * | 23.3 ± 4.49 a | 25.0 ± 3.22 a | 32.6 ± 4.35 a | 25.9 ± 3.34 a |
Ammonium (mg L−1) * | 174 ± 20.3 a | 175 ± 21.4 a | 183 ± 22.6 a | 194 ± 24.2 a |
Nitrate (mg L−1) * | 1.44 ± 0.40 a | 1.15 ± 0.31 a | 1.93 ± 0.52 a | 1.68 ± 0.53 a |
Nitrite (mg L−1) * | 1.54 ± 0.67 a | 1.26 ± 0.44 a | 1.29 ± 0.54 a | 0.95 ± 0.58 a |
Phosphate * | 8.39 ± 2.01 a | 8.88 ± 2.29 a | 10.6 ± 2.96 a | 10.3 ± 2.81 a |
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Berry, Z.P.; Loughrin, J.H.; Burris, S.; Conte, E.D.; Lovanh, N.C.; Sistani, K.R. Improving Anaerobic Digestion of Brewery and Distillery Spent Grains through Aeration across a Silicone Membrane. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2755. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052755
Berry ZP, Loughrin JH, Burris S, Conte ED, Lovanh NC, Sistani KR. Improving Anaerobic Digestion of Brewery and Distillery Spent Grains through Aeration across a Silicone Membrane. Sustainability. 2022; 14(5):2755. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052755
Chicago/Turabian StyleBerry, Zachary P., John H. Loughrin, Stuart Burris, Eric D. Conte, Nanh C. Lovanh, and Karamat R. Sistani. 2022. "Improving Anaerobic Digestion of Brewery and Distillery Spent Grains through Aeration across a Silicone Membrane" Sustainability 14, no. 5: 2755. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052755