Impact of Shape Factor on Energy Demand, CO2 Emissions and Energy Cost of Residential Buildings in Cold Oceanic Climates: Case Study of South Chile
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Shape Factor
2.2. Climate Data and Climatic Zones
2.3. CO2 Emissions and Energy Costs of Fuels
2.4. Case Studies
2.4.1. Building Geometry
2.4.2. Architectural Designs for the Thermal Envelopes
3. Results
3.1. Energy Demand
3.2. CO2 Emissions
3.3. Energy Cost
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The architectural designs with high thermal transmittance values may require from 129.44 to 227.67% of the energy demand of the same building after implementing a solution with a low U-value. Energy demand is widely affected by the weather where housing is located; maximum variations between 135.30 and 244.71% exist for the same SFv and architectural design, depending on the city where it is located.
- CO2 emissions depend directly on the climatic zone where the building is located and the fuel used. For all cities, using biomass in heating systems has the lowest emission and cost values, as opposed to what happens when using electricity for heating. Differences in CO2 emissions from 7.43 to 235.12% can be found between the different climatic zones for the same model. Similarly, the cost of the heating system is reduced by between 31.81 and 32.95% when switching from a fossil fuel, such as propane, to a renewable fuel, such as biomass in the form of pellets.
- Overall, the impact of SFv, on both energy demand and CO2 emissions, is greater when architectural designs with a high thermal transmittance value are implemented, reducing energy demand between 22.75% and 56.16%, depending on the area located. Based on the analysis, it is highly recommended to design buildings with a SFv below 0.767 for cold oceanic climates, such as in the southern zone of Chile. Among the values shown, energy demand and CO2 emissions tend to stabilise for all the climatic zones and construction solutions studied, with only 9.03% maximum differences in the energy requirement for heating and 10.37% in CO2 emissions.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Monthly Energy Demand [kWh/m2] | Annual Energy Demand [kWh/m2] | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S | M | H/C | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May | Jun. | Jul. | Aug. | Sep. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | H/C | Total |
S1 | M1 | Heating | 4.10 | 4.18 | 6.49 | 11.73 | 16.63 | 19.54 | 21.38 | 18.22 | 15.97 | 11.14 | 7.94 | 5.13 | 142.45 | 147.46 |
Cooling | 2.00 | 1.55 | 0.86 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.54 | 5.02 | |||
M2 | Heating | 2.53 | 2.55 | 4.11 | 7.73 | 11.17 | 13.23 | 14.60 | 12.50 | 10.99 | 7.51 | 5.34 | 3.32 | 95.61 | 98.37 | |
Cooling | 1.28 | 0.88 | 0.25 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.35 | 2.76 | |||
M3 | Heating | 1.77 | 1.72 | 3.05 | 5.90 | 8.67 | 10.33 | 11.49 | 9.91 | 8.72 | 5.86 | 4.18 | 2.45 | 74.04 | 76.08 | |
Cooling | 1.01 | 0.62 | 0.16 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.26 | 2.05 | |||
M4 | Heating | 1.27 | 1.44 | 2.74 | 5.54 | 8.15 | 9.72 | 10.83 | 9.35 | 8.24 | 5.52 | 3.92 | 2.11 | 68.84 | 69.21 | |
Cooling | 0.22 | 0.15 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.37 | |||
M5 | Heating | 0.86 | 0.97 | 2.04 | 4.34 | 6.51 | 7.83 | 8.79 | 7.62 | 6.73 | 4.42 | 3.13 | 1.58 | 54.82 | 55.57 | |
Cooling | 0.37 | 0.26 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.75 | |||
S2 | M1 | Heating | 2.06 | 2.04 | 3.25 | 6.13 | 8.89 | 10.71 | 11.71 | 9.91 | 8.76 | 5.89 | 4.19 | 2.59 | 76.14 | 77.11 |
Cooling | 0.29 | 0.51 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.96 | |||
M2 | Heating | 1.35 | 1.26 | 2.23 | 4.41 | 6.60 | 7.99 | 8.91 | 7.63 | 6.76 | 4.42 | 3.11 | 1.80 | 56.46 | 56.85 | |
Cooling | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.39 | |||
M3 | Heating | 0.88 | 0.92 | 1.74 | 3.62 | 5.54 | 6.75 | 7.60 | 6.57 | 5.83 | 3.74 | 2.63 | 1.39 | 47.21 | 47.54 | |
Cooling | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.33 | |||
M4 | Heating | 0.61 | 0.71 | 1.53 | 3.47 | 5.31 | 6.49 | 7.29 | 6.25 | 5.55 | 3.53 | 2.48 | 1.19 | 44.40 | 44.66 | |
Cooling | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.26 | |||
M5 | Heating | 0.49 | 0.53 | 1.20 | 3.02 | 4.75 | 5.83 | 6.59 | 5.69 | 5.06 | 3.18 | 2.20 | 0.93 | 39.48 | 39.78 | |
Cooling | 0.18 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.30 | |||
S3 | M1 | Heating | 1.64 | 1.62 | 2.63 | 5.08 | 7.47 | 9.06 | 9.94 | 8.40 | 7.45 | 4.94 | 3.50 | 2.12 | 63.85 | 64.77 |
Cooling | 0.35 | 0.43 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.92 | |||
M2 | Heating | 1.03 | 1.02 | 1.88 | 3.85 | 5.83 | 7.11 | 7.96 | 6.83 | 6.06 | 3.91 | 2.75 | 1.50 | 49.72 | 50.27 | |
Cooling | 0.22 | 0.27 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.55 | |||
M3 | Heating | 0.67 | 0.77 | 1.53 | 3.32 | 5.12 | 6.27 | 7.08 | 6.13 | 5.45 | 3.46 | 2.44 | 1.24 | 43.48 | 43.98 | |
Cooling | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.50 | |||
M4 | Heating | 0.46 | 0.48 | 1.24 | 3.09 | 4.82 | 5.94 | 6.68 | 5.74 | 5.10 | 3.21 | 2.22 | 0.96 | 39.94 | 40.20 | |
Cooling | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.26 | |||
M5 | Heating | 0.39 | 0.35 | 1.03 | 2.79 | 4.46 | 5.50 | 6.23 | 5.39 | 4.80 | 2.99 | 2.01 | 0.81 | 36.74 | 37.20 | |
Cooling | 0.26 | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.46 |
Monthly Energy Demand [kWh/m2] | Annual Energy Demand [kWh/m2] | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S | M | H/C | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May | Jun. | Jul. | Aug. | Sep. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | H/C | Total |
S1 | M1 | Heating | 6.26 | 6.04 | 9.74 | 15.70 | 20.42 | 24.09 | 26.89 | 22.80 | 19.25 | 14.23 | 10.94 | 7.62 | 183.97 | 195.74 |
Cooling | 3.93 | 4.97 | 1.86 | 0.19 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.82 | 11.77 | |||
M2 | Heating | 4.09 | 3.81 | 6.37 | 10.38 | 13.64 | 16.28 | 18.23 | 15.49 | 13.06 | 9.57 | 7.39 | 5.03 | 123.34 | 129.91 | |
Cooling | 2.36 | 2.89 | 0.98 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.34 | 6.57 | |||
M3 | Heating | 2.92 | 2.76 | 4.77 | 7.92 | 10.51 | 12.67 | 14.22 | 12.12 | 10.22 | 7.45 | 5.76 | 3.81 | 95.15 | 99.61 | |
Cooling | 1.65 | 2.07 | 0.57 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.17 | 4.46 | |||
M4 | Heating | 2.38 | 2.36 | 4.33 | 7.48 | 9.91 | 11.96 | 13.44 | 11.45 | 9.68 | 7.04 | 5.44 | 3.49 | 88.96 | 90.59 | |
Cooling | 0.49 | 1.04 | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.64 | |||
M5 | Heating | 1.74 | 1.78 | 3.30 | 5.87 | 7.86 | 9.60 | 10.83 | 9.23 | 7.78 | 5.61 | 4.35 | 2.61 | 70.56 | 72.52 | |
Cooling | 0.65 | 1.11 | 0.15 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 1.96 | |||
S2 | M1 | Heating | 3.17 | 3.02 | 5.02 | 8.21 | 10.80 | 13.04 | 14.67 | 12.27 | 10.27 | 7.46 | 5.73 | 3.91 | 97.57 | 101.76 |
Cooling | 1.35 | 2.21 | 0.63 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.19 | |||
M2 | Heating | 2.15 | 2.06 | 3.56 | 5.94 | 7.93 | 9.74 | 10.97 | 9.28 | 7.78 | 5.59 | 4.32 | 2.81 | 72.14 | 73.93 | |
Cooling | 0.62 | 0.98 | 0.19 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.79 | |||
M3 | Heating | 1.63 | 1.56 | 2.83 | 4.88 | 6.61 | 8.20 | 9.27 | 7.87 | 6.60 | 4.71 | 3.65 | 2.29 | 60.10 | 61.54 | |
Cooling | 0.53 | 0.76 | 0.14 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.43 | |||
M4 | Heating | 1.26 | 1.35 | 2.57 | 4.72 | 6.39 | 7.93 | 8.97 | 7.58 | 6.34 | 4.50 | 3.48 | 2.05 | 57.13 | 58.20 | |
Cooling | 0.23 | 0.83 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.07 | |||
M5 | Heating | 1.04 | 1.13 | 2.17 | 4.13 | 5.68 | 7.11 | 8.07 | 6.83 | 5.71 | 4.03 | 3.13 | 1.77 | 50.81 | 52.18 | |
Cooling | 0.44 | 0.80 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.37 | |||
S3 | M1 | Heating | 2.61 | 2.49 | 4.14 | 6.82 | 9.03 | 11.01 | 12.40 | 10.37 | 8.65 | 6.24 | 4.79 | 3.23 | 81.79 | 85.80 |
Cooling | 1.26 | 2.07 | 0.69 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.02 | |||
M2 | Heating | 1.78 | 1.68 | 3.03 | 5.20 | 6.99 | 8.65 | 9.76 | 8.25 | 6.91 | 4.94 | 3.82 | 2.43 | 63.42 | 65.56 | |
Cooling | 0.76 | 1.05 | 0.32 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.14 | |||
M3 | Heating | 1.40 | 1.38 | 2.52 | 4.48 | 6.09 | 7.60 | 8.60 | 7.30 | 6.12 | 4.35 | 3.39 | 2.07 | 55.29 | 57.09 | |
Cooling | 0.66 | 0.89 | 0.24 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.79 | |||
M4 | Heating | 0.99 | 1.09 | 2.11 | 4.23 | 5.79 | 7.24 | 8.20 | 6.93 | 5.78 | 4.08 | 3.16 | 1.76 | 51.35 | 52.60 | |
Cooling | 0.36 | 0.84 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.26 | |||
M5 | Heating | 0.87 | 0.94 | 1.75 | 3.84 | 5.32 | 6.70 | 7.60 | 6.44 | 5.38 | 3.79 | 2.91 | 1.62 | 47.16 | 48.82 | |
Cooling | 0.51 | 0.96 | 0.19 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 1.66 |
Monthly Energy Demand [kWh/m2] | Annual Energy Demand [kWh/m2] | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S | M | H/C | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May | Jun. | Jul. | Aug. | Sep. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | H/C | Total |
S1 | M1 | Heating | 6.08 | 5.93 | 9.55 | 15.29 | 21.17 | 24.95 | 27.41 | 23.60 | 19.14 | 14.45 | 11.12 | 7.76 | 186.45 | 198.16 |
Cooling | 4.19 | 4.74 | 1.43 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.35 | 11.71 | |||
M2 | Heating | 4.01 | 3.73 | 6.20 | 10.16 | 14.18 | 16.94 | 18.71 | 16.09 | 13.03 | 9.76 | 7.53 | 5.16 | 125.51 | 131.93 | |
Cooling | 2.45 | 2.75 | 0.59 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.63 | 6.42 | |||
M3 | Heating | 2.92 | 2.66 | 4.69 | 7.81 | 10.95 | 13.23 | 14.68 | 12.62 | 10.22 | 7.62 | 5.88 | 3.92 | 97.21 | 101.50 | |
Cooling | 1.67 | 1.96 | 0.25 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.42 | 4.29 | |||
M4 | Heating | 2.24 | 2.31 | 4.29 | 7.37 | 10.32 | 12.48 | 13.87 | 11.92 | 9.67 | 7.20 | 5.55 | 3.45 | 90.69 | 92.49 | |
Cooling | 0.38 | 1.29 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 1.80 | |||
M5 | Heating | 1.65 | 1.67 | 3.32 | 5.84 | 8.22 | 10.07 | 11.24 | 9.65 | 7.82 | 5.77 | 4.45 | 2.65 | 72.33 | 74.41 | |
Cooling | 0.65 | 1.19 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.17 | 2.07 | |||
S2 | M1 | Heating | 3.11 | 2.99 | 4.95 | 8.06 | 11.38 | 13.62 | 14.98 | 12.87 | 10.35 | 7.67 | 5.90 | 4.02 | 99.90 | 104.16 |
Cooling | 1.30 | 2.31 | 0.28 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.36 | 4.26 | |||
M2 | Heating | 2.18 | 1.98 | 3.51 | 5.89 | 8.36 | 10.25 | 11.38 | 9.75 | 7.84 | 5.77 | 4.46 | 2.94 | 74.32 | 76.46 | |
Cooling | 0.64 | 1.27 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.18 | 2.15 | |||
M3 | Heating | 1.60 | 1.56 | 2.81 | 4.89 | 6.97 | 8.66 | 9.67 | 8.28 | 6.68 | 4.88 | 3.78 | 2.32 | 62.11 | 63.89 | |
Cooling | 0.57 | 1.00 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.17 | 1.78 | |||
M4 | Heating | 1.19 | 1.29 | 2.62 | 4.72 | 6.75 | 8.37 | 9.34 | 7.99 | 6.41 | 4.67 | 3.60 | 2.05 | 58.99 | 60.14 | |
Cooling | 0.18 | 0.97 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.15 | |||
M5 | Heating | 1.00 | 1.03 | 2.22 | 4.20 | 6.01 | 7.53 | 8.43 | 7.21 | 5.80 | 4.20 | 3.21 | 1.81 | 52.65 | 54.25 | |
Cooling | 0.48 | 0.96 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.15 | 1.61 | |||
S3 | M1 | Heating | 2.57 | 2.44 | 4.07 | 6.72 | 9.56 | 11.55 | 12.71 | 10.91 | 8.75 | 6.44 | 4.96 | 3.34 | 84.02 | 88.02 |
Cooling | 1.32 | 2.03 | 0.30 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.34 | 3.99 | |||
M2 | Heating | 1.75 | 1.69 | 3.01 | 5.18 | 7.39 | 9.12 | 10.15 | 8.70 | 6.99 | 5.12 | 3.96 | 2.49 | 65.53 | 67.93 | |
Cooling | 0.83 | 1.20 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.23 | 2.39 | |||
M3 | Heating | 1.32 | 1.32 | 2.54 | 4.51 | 6.44 | 8.04 | 8.99 | 7.70 | 6.21 | 4.53 | 3.51 | 2.02 | 57.11 | 59.12 | |
Cooling | 0.75 | 0.97 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.21 | 2.01 | |||
M4 | Heating | 0.92 | 0.98 | 2.25 | 4.27 | 6.13 | 7.66 | 8.56 | 7.31 | 5.86 | 4.25 | 3.25 | 1.82 | 53.27 | 54.69 | |
Cooling | 0.37 | 0.96 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 1.42 | |||
M5 | Heating | 0.84 | 0.85 | 1.99 | 3.93 | 5.64 | 7.10 | 7.97 | 6.80 | 5.47 | 3.95 | 3.01 | 1.69 | 49.22 | 51.16 | |
Cooling | 0.68 | 0.98 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 1.94 |
Monthly Energy Demand [kWh/m2] | Annual Energy Demand [kWh/m2] | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S | M | H/C | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May | Jun. | Jul. | Aug. | Sep. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | H/C | Total |
S1 | M1 | Heating | 7.11 | 7.06 | 11.37 | 16.92 | 22.88 | 27.66 | 29.23 | 26.72 | 22.28 | 17.13 | 13.66 | 9.45 | 211.46 | 211.91 |
Cooling | 0.06 | 0.39 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.45 | |||
M2 | Heating | 4.71 | 4.66 | 7.52 | 11.40 | 15.62 | 19.05 | 20.19 | 18.57 | 15.44 | 11.83 | 9.38 | 6.35 | 144.71 | 144.93 | |
Cooling | 0.00 | 0.22 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.22 | |||
M3 | Heating | 3.63 | 3.56 | 5.77 | 8.88 | 12.28 | 15.06 | 16.01 | 14.82 | 12.30 | 9.43 | 7.43 | 4.93 | 114.09 | 114.25 | |
Cooling | 0.00 | 0.17 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.17 | |||
M4 | Heating | 3.36 | 3.18 | 5.42 | 8.38 | 11.58 | 14.19 | 15.11 | 14.01 | 11.65 | 8.93 | 7.03 | 4.64 | 107.49 | 107.49 | |
Cooling | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
M5 | Heating | 2.58 | 2.42 | 4.24 | 6.72 | 9.38 | 11.60 | 12.37 | 11.55 | 9.56 | 7.31 | 5.72 | 3.69 | 87.13 | 87.17 | |
Cooling | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.05 | |||
S2 | M1 | Heating | 3.65 | 3.63 | 5.88 | 9.06 | 12.45 | 15.49 | 16.30 | 14.95 | 12.26 | 9.23 | 7.30 | 4.90 | 115.09 | 115.09 |
Cooling | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
M2 | Heating | 2.65 | 2.64 | 4.29 | 6.77 | 9.47 | 11.85 | 12.56 | 11.66 | 9.61 | 7.27 | 5.69 | 3.68 | 88.13 | 88.13 | |
Cooling | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
M3 | Heating | 2.19 | 2.14 | 3.55 | 5.71 | 8.07 | 10.13 | 10.79 | 10.11 | 8.31 | 6.31 | 4.90 | 3.10 | 75.33 | 75.33 | |
Cooling | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
M4 | Heating | 1.98 | 1.90 | 3.38 | 5.47 | 7.74 | 9.78 | 10.40 | 9.69 | 7.95 | 5.97 | 4.64 | 2.93 | 71.84 | 71.84 | |
Cooling | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
M5 | Heating | 1.70 | 1.61 | 2.94 | 4.92 | 7.00 | 8.87 | 9.46 | 8.87 | 7.26 | 5.48 | 4.24 | 2.58 | 64.92 | 64.92 | |
Cooling | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
S3 | M1 | Heating | 3.01 | 3.01 | 4.88 | 7.62 | 10.55 | 13.26 | 13.94 | 12.82 | 10.47 | 7.84 | 6.18 | 4.08 | 97.67 | 97.67 |
Cooling | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
M2 | Heating | 2.31 | 2.29 | 3.75 | 5.99 | 8.45 | 10.64 | 11.29 | 10.51 | 8.64 | 6.52 | 5.08 | 3.24 | 78.72 | 78.72 | |
Cooling | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
M3 | Heating | 1.98 | 1.90 | 3.24 | 5.29 | 7.51 | 9.46 | 10.08 | 9.48 | 7.78 | 5.90 | 4.58 | 2.87 | 70.08 | 70.08 | |
Cooling | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
M4 | Heating | 1.71 | 1.61 | 2.97 | 4.98 | 7.10 | 9.01 | 9.59 | 8.96 | 7.33 | 5.50 | 4.26 | 2.59 | 65.62 | 65.62 | |
Cooling | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
M5 | Heating | 1.47 | 1.47 | 2.66 | 4.63 | 6.62 | 8.40 | 8.97 | 8.43 | 6.90 | 5.20 | 4.01 | 2.30 | 61.06 | 61.06 | |
Cooling | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Monthly Energy Demand [kWh/m2] | Annual Energy Demand [kWh/m2] | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S | M | H/C | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May | Jun. | Jul. | Aug. | Sep. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | H/C | Total |
S1 | M1 | Heating | 3.57 | 4.50 | 7.70 | 15.05 | 27.17 | 33.15 | 37.66 | 29.82 | 22.12 | 14.53 | 10.14 | 5.41 | 210.82 | 228.12 |
Cooling | 6.51 | 6.79 | 0.96 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 2.98 | 17.30 | |||
M2 | Heating | 2.22 | 2.98 | 5.23 | 10.38 | 18.99 | 23.41 | 26.63 | 21.23 | 15.85 | 10.30 | 7.18 | 3.68 | 148.08 | 159.12 | |
Cooling | 4.26 | 4.29 | 0.61 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.88 | 11.04 | |||
M3 | Heating | 1.64 | 2.26 | 4.11 | 8.27 | 15.23 | 18.90 | 21.53 | 17.30 | 13.03 | 8.40 | 5.88 | 2.87 | 119.40 | 127.70 | |
Cooling | 3.19 | 3.24 | 0.47 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.40 | 8.29 | |||
M4 | Heating | 1.41 | 1.99 | 3.66 | 7.77 | 14.34 | 17.81 | 20.33 | 16.35 | 12.33 | 7.93 | 5.49 | 2.54 | 111.95 | 118.26 | |
Cooling | 2.42 | 2.64 | 0.26 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.98 | 6.31 | |||
M5 | Heating | 1.12 | 1.60 | 2.92 | 6.37 | 11.88 | 14.87 | 17.01 | 13.72 | 10.42 | 6.65 | 4.60 | 2.02 | 93.18 | 98.83 | |
Cooling | 2.12 | 2.27 | 0.36 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.90 | 5.65 | |||
S2 | M1 | Heating | 1.78 | 2.45 | 4.20 | 8.44 | 15.64 | 19.26 | 21.93 | 17.15 | 12.72 | 8.21 | 5.75 | 2.92 | 120.45 | 130.50 |
Cooling | 3.93 | 4.12 | 0.43 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.57 | 10.05 | |||
M2 | Heating | 1.28 | 1.78 | 3.17 | 6.48 | 12.16 | 15.21 | 17.35 | 13.87 | 10.44 | 6.64 | 4.67 | 2.19 | 95.22 | 101.29 | |
Cooling | 2.37 | 2.46 | 0.32 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.91 | 6.06 | |||
M3 | Heating | 1.03 | 1.52 | 2.67 | 5.60 | 10.55 | 13.28 | 15.19 | 12.25 | 9.33 | 5.91 | 4.15 | 1.86 | 83.35 | 88.25 | |
Cooling | 1.86 | 2.02 | 0.27 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.74 | 4.90 | |||
M4 | Heating | 0.88 | 1.30 | 2.32 | 5.31 | 10.14 | 12.78 | 14.62 | 11.70 | 8.83 | 5.55 | 3.83 | 1.59 | 78.85 | 83.85 | |
Cooling | 1.82 | 2.07 | 0.32 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.79 | 5.00 | |||
M5 | Heating | 0.78 | 1.20 | 2.09 | 4.83 | 9.29 | 11.75 | 13.48 | 10.84 | 8.25 | 5.18 | 3.57 | 1.43 | 72.68 | 77.41 | |
Cooling | 1.85 | 1.84 | 0.33 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.70 | 4.73 | |||
S3 | M1 | Heating | 1.48 | 2.06 | 3.56 | 7.22 | 13.50 | 16.74 | 19.07 | 14.92 | 11.07 | 7.09 | 4.97 | 2.42 | 104.10 | 112.97 |
Cooling | 3.48 | 3.56 | 0.43 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.40 | 8.87 | |||
M2 | Heating | 1.08 | 1.60 | 2.80 | 5.83 | 11.02 | 13.84 | 15.80 | 12.65 | 9.55 | 6.05 | 4.25 | 1.96 | 86.43 | 92.13 | |
Cooling | 2.26 | 2.28 | 0.31 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.85 | 5.70 | |||
M3 | Heating | 0.93 | 1.35 | 2.40 | 5.25 | 9.92 | 12.52 | 14.33 | 11.57 | 8.85 | 5.60 | 3.93 | 1.66 | 78.32 | 83.17 | |
Cooling | 1.86 | 1.96 | 0.30 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.73 | 4.85 | |||
M4 | Heating | 0.77 | 1.18 | 2.08 | 4.88 | 9.41 | 11.91 | 13.64 | 10.92 | 8.27 | 5.18 | 3.53 | 1.39 | 73.18 | 78.08 | |
Cooling | 1.87 | 1.94 | 0.35 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.73 | 4.90 | |||
M5 | Heating | 0.71 | 1.12 | 1.89 | 4.57 | 8.85 | 11.23 | 12.89 | 10.38 | 7.92 | 4.95 | 3.36 | 1.30 | 69.18 | 73.83 | |
Cooling | 1.82 | 1.81 | 0.33 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.68 | 4.65 |
Monthly Energy Demand [kWh/m2] | Annual Energy Demand [kWh/m2] | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S | M | H/C | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May | Jun. | Jul. | Aug. | Sep. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | H/C | Total |
S1 | M1 | Heating | 14.15 | 13.53 | 21.10 | 29.19 | 39.38 | 46.34 | 48.17 | 42.56 | 32.21 | 26.08 | 20.01 | 14.25 | 346.98 | 346.98 |
Cooling | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
M2 | Heating | 10.39 | 9.72 | 15.10 | 20.85 | 27.99 | 32.80 | 34.20 | 30.59 | 23.59 | 19.40 | 15.13 | 10.57 | 250.33 | 250.33 | |
Cooling | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
M3 | Heating | 8.75 | 8.03 | 12.44 | 17.02 | 22.71 | 26.50 | 27.70 | 25.07 | 19.66 | 16.43 | 13.02 | 9.03 | 206.38 | 206.38 | |
Cooling | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
M4 | Heating | 8.28 | 7.59 | 11.77 | 16.06 | 21.42 | 25.00 | 26.15 | 23.69 | 18.64 | 15.66 | 12.44 | 8.62 | 195.31 | 195.31 | |
Cooling | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
M5 | Heating | 7.13 | 6.44 | 9.97 | 13.54 | 17.97 | 20.95 | 21.95 | 20.04 | 15.93 | 13.59 | 10.93 | 7.54 | 165.98 | 165.98 | |
Cooling | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
S2 | M1 | Heating | 8.06 | 7.66 | 12.11 | 17.06 | 23.13 | 27.49 | 28.50 | 25.15 | 18.74 | 15.19 | 11.55 | 8.07 | 202.71 | 202.71 |
Cooling | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
M2 | Heating | 6.99 | 6.40 | 9.96 | 13.76 | 18.39 | 21.55 | 22.51 | 20.41 | 15.97 | 13.43 | 10.64 | 7.23 | 167.25 | 167.25 | |
Cooling | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
M3 | Heating | 6.45 | 5.78 | 8.96 | 12.18 | 16.13 | 18.81 | 19.70 | 18.09 | 14.42 | 12.42 | 10.03 | 6.87 | 149.84 | 149.84 | |
Cooling | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
M4 | Heating | 5.96 | 5.39 | 8.42 | 11.62 | 15.53 | 18.22 | 19.06 | 17.37 | 13.68 | 11.60 | 9.26 | 6.25 | 142.36 | 142.36 | |
Cooling | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
M5 | Heating | 5.70 | 5.08 | 7.91 | 10.79 | 14.33 | 16.76 | 17.56 | 16.14 | 12.87 | 11.10 | 8.98 | 6.10 | 133.31 | 133.31 | |
Cooling | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
S3 | M1 | Heating | 7.06 | 6.67 | 10.53 | 14.89 | 20.18 | 23.98 | 24.88 | 22.07 | 16.53 | 13.46 | 10.31 | 7.09 | 177.66 | 177.66 |
Cooling | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
M2 | Heating | 6.46 | 5.87 | 9.13 | 12.58 | 16.79 | 19.67 | 20.56 | 18.72 | 14.73 | 12.48 | 9.95 | 6.74 | 153.67 | 153.67 | |
Cooling | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
M3 | Heating | 6.18 | 5.50 | 8.51 | 11.53 | 15.24 | 17.77 | 18.62 | 17.15 | 13.73 | 11.91 | 9.68 | 6.63 | 142.43 | 142.43 | |
Cooling | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
M4 | Heating | 5.63 | 5.06 | 7.91 | 10.88 | 14.51 | 17.01 | 17.81 | 16.30 | 12.89 | 11.02 | 8.84 | 5.96 | 133.83 | 133.83 | |
Cooling | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
M5 | Heating | 5.52 | 4.89 | 7.60 | 10.35 | 13.72 | 16.03 | 16.81 | 15.49 | 12.39 | 10.76 | 8.74 | 5.94 | 128.23 | 128.23 | |
Cooling | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
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City | Region | Meteorological Station Data | Climatic Zone OGUC | Temperature —Summer [°C] | Temperature—Winter [°C] | Annual Global Radiation [kWh/m2] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concepción | Bio-Bio | Global station | 4 | 16.2 ± 0.7 | 11.1 ± 0.3 | 1729.1 ± 26.4 |
Temuco | Araucanía | Manquehe | 5 | 15.7 ± 0.7 | 9.7 ± 0.6 | 1552.8 ± 47.5 |
Valdivia | Los Ríos | Pichoy | 5 | 15.4 ± 0.8 | 10.0 ± 0.4 | 1509.5 ± 55.9 |
Puerto Montt | Los Lagos | El Tepu | 6 | 13.7 ± 0.5 | 9.0 ± 0.2 | 1335.9 ± 72.9 |
Coyhaique | Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo | Teniente V | 7 | 12.4 ± 1.0 | 5.4 ± 0.9 | 1343.2 ± 76.5 |
Punta Arenas | Magallanes y la Antártida Chilena | Global station | 7 | 10.0 ± 0.6 | 4.8 ± 0.8 | 1101.3 ± 29.9 |
Fuel | CO2 Emissions [kgCO2/kWh] | LHV | Cost [USD/kWh] |
---|---|---|---|
Electricity (Chile) | 0.346 | - | 0.107 |
Natural gas | 0.204 | 9.771 kWh/m3 | 0.095 |
Propane gas | 0.254 | 13.131 kWh/m3 | 0.192 |
Biomass (wood) | Neutral | 2.759 kWh/kg | 0.083 |
Biomass (pellet) | Neutral | 5.010 kWh/kg | 0.061 |
Gasoil | 0.287 | 11.939 kWh/kg | 0.082 |
Model | Floor Dimensions [m × m] | Floor Space [m2] | Number of Floors | Volume [m3] | Exposed Surface [m2] | SFv |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M1 | 10 × 10 | 100 | 1 | 300 | 320 | 1.067 |
M2 | 20 × 20 | 400 | 1 | 1200 | 1040 | 0.867 |
M3 | 40 × 40 | 1600 | 1 | 4800 | 3680 | 0.767 |
M4 | 30 × 30 | 900 | 2 | 5400 | 2520 | 0.467 |
M5 | 50 × 50 | 2500 | 3 | 22,500 | 6800 | 0.302 |
Material | e [m] | λ [W/(m × K)] | R [(m2 × K)/W] | |
---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | Interior wood lining—Insigne pine 1/2 × 4″ | 0.013 | 0.104 | 0.122 |
Unventilated vertical air chamber | 0.100 | 0.714 | 0.140 | |
Exterior wood lining—Tinglado dry pine 5 × 3/4″ | 0.019 | 0.104 | 0.183 | |
U = 1.625 [W/(m2 × K)] | 0.132 | |||
S2 | Cement mortar | 0.025 | 1.400 | 0.018 |
Craft brick—285 × 143 × 90 mm—Stonework 20 mm | 0.143 | 0.664 | 0.215 | |
Cement mortar | 0.025 | 1.400 | 0.018 | |
Expanded polyethylene with EIFS system—d = 20 kg/m3 | 0.030 | 0.038 | 0.781 | |
U = 0.832 [W/(m2 × K)] | 0.223 | |||
S3 | Thermal stucco | 0.025 | 0.220 | 0.114 |
Reinforced concrete | 0.200 | 1.630 | 0.123 | |
Expanded polyethylene with EIFS system—d = 20 kg/m3 | 0.100 | 0.038 | 2.604 | |
U = 0.332 [W/(m2 × K)] | 0.325 | |||
S1 | Plasterboard—d = 700 kg/m3 | 0.013 | 0.260 | 0.048 |
Wooden beam—Insigne pine 3 × 4″ | 0.102 | 0.104 | 0.977 | |
Non-ventilated vertical air chamber | 0.100 | 0.769 | 0.130 | |
Fibrocement roof—d = 920 kg/m3 | 0.010 | 0.220 | 0.045 | |
U = 0.746 [W/(m2 × K)] | 0.224 | |||
S2 | Plasterboard—d = 700 kg/m3 | 0.013 | 0.260 | 0.048 |
Wooden beam—Insigne pine 3 × 4″ | 0.102 | 0.104 | 0.977 | |
Expanded polyethylene with EIFS system—d = 20 kg/m3 | 0.060 | 0.038 | 1.563 | |
Fibrocement roof—d = 920 kg/m3 | 0.010 | 0.220 | 0.045 | |
U = 0.361 [W/(m2 × K)] | 0.184 | |||
S3 | Plasterboard—d = 700 kg/m3 | 0.013 | 0.260 | 0.048 |
Reinforced concrete slab | 0.120 | 1.630 | 0.074 | |
Expanded polyethylene with EIFS system—d = 20 kg/m3 | 0.150 | 0.038 | 3.906 | |
Fibrocement roof—d = 920 kg/m3 | 0.010 | 0.220 | 0.045 | |
U = 0.237 [W/(m2 × K)] | 0.293 |
Material | U [W/(m2 × K)] | Visual Transmittance | Solar Factor | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | Windows | Single-glazed | 5.736 | 0.90 | 0.86 |
Doors | Wood | 3.804 | |||
S2 | Windows | Double-glazed | 3.129 | 0.81 | 0.76 |
Doors | Hollow wood | 2.326 | |||
S3 | Windows | Low emission double-glazed | 2.215 | 0.76 | 0.65 |
Doors | Wooden frame—Double-glazed—Glaze against door | 1.936 |
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Carpio, M.; Carrasco, D. Impact of Shape Factor on Energy Demand, CO2 Emissions and Energy Cost of Residential Buildings in Cold Oceanic Climates: Case Study of South Chile. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9491. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179491
Carpio M, Carrasco D. Impact of Shape Factor on Energy Demand, CO2 Emissions and Energy Cost of Residential Buildings in Cold Oceanic Climates: Case Study of South Chile. Sustainability. 2021; 13(17):9491. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179491
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarpio, Manuel, and David Carrasco. 2021. "Impact of Shape Factor on Energy Demand, CO2 Emissions and Energy Cost of Residential Buildings in Cold Oceanic Climates: Case Study of South Chile" Sustainability 13, no. 17: 9491. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179491