Business Area Changes and Entrepreneurial Persistence in Ecology- and Food-Related Industries: Knowledge Heterogeneity and Emotion Perspectives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Measurement
3. Results
Additional Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
DV IV | Persistence (Model 1) | Insecurity (Model 2) | Persistence (Model 3) | Persistence (Model 4) | Mgr. Exp. (Model 5) | Persistence (Model 6) |
Constant | 6.45 *** | 5.10 *** | 3.57 ** | 6.45 *** | −91.55 * | 7.01 *** |
Gender | 0.18 | −0.27 *** | 0.09 | 0.18 | −9.89 | 0.26 ** |
Age | −0.01 | 0.00 | −0.02 * | −0.01 | 1.74 *** | −0.02 ** |
Industry | 0.08 | −0.39 *** | −0.07 | 0.08 | 21.44 *** | −0.02 |
EBD | 32.57 * | −0.54 | 44.64 ** | 32.57 * | 1019.04 | 24.35 |
IED | 40.01 ** | 20.32 | 38.33 | 40.01 ** | −2562.95 ** | 49.69 *** |
FED | −58.67 *** | −24.92 ** | −63.44 * | −58.67 *** | 2011.20 ** | −64.37 *** |
Positive affect | −0.41 *** | 0.01 | 0.47 | −0.41 *** | −1.41 | −0.39 *** |
Area difference | −0.97 *** | −0.13 | −0.77 *** | −0.97 *** | −8.98 | −0.90 *** |
AD × PosAff | 0.21 *** | −0.01 | 0.16 *** | 0.21 *** | 2.78 | 0.19 *** |
Insecurity | 0.71 ** | 0.01 *** | ||||
Insec. × PosAff | −0.21*** | −0.00 * | ||||
F | 6.23 | 7.87 | 9.35 | 6.23 | 7.78 | 8.75 |
R2 | 0.14 *** | 0.17 *** | 0.23 *** | 0.14 *** | 0.17 *** | 0.22 *** |
DV IV | Persistence (Model 1) | Insecurity (Model 2) | Persistence (Model 3) | Persistence (Model 4) | Mgr. Exp. (Model 5) | Persistence (Model 6) |
Constant | 4.79 *** | 4.60 *** | 5.11 ** | 4.79 *** | −98.21 ** | 5.32 *** |
Gender | 0.09 | −0.23 *** | 0.03 | 0.09 | −11.80 * | 0.16 |
Age | −0.00 | −0.01 | −0.00 | −0.00 | 2.36 **** | −0.01 |
Industry | −0.17 * | −0.20 *** | −0.21 ** | −0.17 * | 11.53 * | −0.20 ** |
EBD | 46.27 ** | −19.97 | 43.51 ** | 46.27 ** | 1953.69 * | 36.70 ** |
IED | 32.96 * | 23.54 * | 38.96 ** | 32.96 * | −2852.72 *** | 40.94 ** |
FED | −33.46 ** | −35.47 *** | −43.01 *** | −33.46 ** | 2736.16 *** | −40.33 *** |
Negative affect | −0.27 *** | 0.32 *** | 0.02 | −0.27 *** | −9.87 ** | −0.24 *** |
Area difference | 0.22 * | −0.05 | 0.26 * | 0.22 * | 17.00 ** | 0.12 |
AD × NegAff | −0.05 | −0.03 | −0.07 * | −0.05 | −3.97 | −0.03 |
Mgr. Exp. | −0.07 | 0.01 ** | ||||
Mgr.Exp. × NegAff | −0.05 | −0.00 | ||||
F | 10.15 | 15.63 | 9.44 | 10.15 | 11.63 | 10.32 |
R2 | 0.21 *** | 0.29 *** | 0.23 *** | 0.21 *** | 0.23 *** | 0.25 |
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Mean | S.D. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Gender | 1.24 | 0.43 | |||||||||||
2. Age | 43.71 | 7.26 | −0.10 | ||||||||||
3. Industry type | 1.61 | 0.64 | −0.28 | 0.40 | |||||||||
4. EBD | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.27 | −0.08 | −0.02 | ||||||||
5. IED | 0.01 | 0.01 | −0.20 | −0.64 ** | 0.01 | 0.10 | |||||||
6. FED | 0.01 | 0.01 | −0.12 | −0.63 ** | −0.42 ** | 0.05 | 0.74 ** | ||||||
7. Area differences | 1.73 | 1.1 | −0.04 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.06 | −0.08 | −0.21 | |||||
8. Positive Affect | 4.99 | 0.86 | −0.13 | 0.07 | 0.23 * | −0.28 * | −0.02 | −0.23 | −0.07 | ||||
9. Negative Affect | 3.25 | 1.02 | 0.09 | −0.03 | −0.42 * | 0.21 | −0.04 | 0.24 | −0.09 | −0.32 ** | |||
10. Managerial exp. | 22.37 | 50.48 | −0.16 | 0.34 ** | 0.29 * | −0.02 | −0.19 | −0.21 | 0.14 | 0.08 | −0.30 * | ||
11. Insecurity | 3.83 | 0.69 | −0.06 | −0.13 | −0.28 | −0.04 | 0.04 | 0.12 | −0.29 ** | −0.01 | 0.41 ** | −0.24 * | |
12. Persistence | 4.89 | 0.87 | 0.05 | −0.03 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.05 | −0.14 | 0.13 | 0.01 | −0.39 ** | 0.26 * | −0.30 * |
DV. IV | Persistence (Model 1) | Persistence (Model 2) | Persistence (Model 3) |
---|---|---|---|
Constant | 4.88 *** | 4.82 *** | 7.15 |
Gender | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.12 |
Age | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.00 |
Industry | 0.06 | 0.06 | −0.14 |
EBD | 18.79 | 16.42 | 49.96 |
IED | 44.92 * | 41.82 * | 38.34 |
FED | −55.62 *** | −51.19 ** | −48.13 |
Area differences | 0.07 * | −0.88 ** | |
PosAff | −0.40 *** | ||
NegAff | −0.37 *** | ||
AD × PosAff | 0.17 ** | ||
AD × NegAff | 0.03 | ||
F | 4.58 | 4.40 | 10.17 |
R2 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.25 |
ΔR2 | 0.07 *** | 0.01 *** | 0.16 *** |
DV | Persistence | Persistence | Persistence | Persistence | Insecurity | Mgr. Exp. | Persistence | Persistence |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IV | (Model 1) | (Model 2) | (Model 3) | (Model 4) | (Model 5) | (Model 6) | (Model 7) | (Model 8) |
Constant | 4.88 *** | 4.82 *** | 4.88 *** | 5.26 *** | 5.09 *** | −80.08 ** | 6.66 *** | 5.21 *** |
Gender | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.08 | −0.16 *** | −0.09 | 0.01 | 0.08 |
Age | −0.11 | −0.11 | −0.11 | −0.17 ** | −0.00 | 0.21 ** | −0.12 | −0.18 ** |
Industry | 0.04 | 0.04 | −0.06 | −0.03 | −0.36 *** | 0.24 *** | −0.06 | −0.03 |
EBD | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.04 |
IED | 0.25 ** | 0.23 ** | 0.28 ** | 0.31 ** | 0.14 | −0.20 ** | 0.27 ** | 0.29 ** |
FED | −0.36 *** | −0.33 ** | −0.40 *** | −0.41 *** | −0.20 ** | 0.18 ** | −0.39 *** | −0.39 *** |
Area differences | 0.09 * | −0.28 ** | 0.09 * | 0.01 | 0.07 | |||
Insecurity | −0.29 *** | −0.29 *** | ||||||
Managerial experience | 0.31 *** | 0.31 *** | ||||||
F | 4.58 ** | 4.40 *** | 8.78 *** | 4.58 *** | 10.16 *** | 10.78 *** | 7.67 *** | 8.19 *** |
R2 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.16 |
ΔR2 | 0.07 *** | 0.01 * | 0.08 *** | 0.08 *** | 0.07 *** | 0.01 * | 0.07 *** | 0.08 *** |
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Chen, H.; Tsai, F.-S.; Ling, H.-C. Business Area Changes and Entrepreneurial Persistence in Ecology- and Food-Related Industries: Knowledge Heterogeneity and Emotion Perspectives. Sustainability 2018, 10, 929. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10040929
Chen H, Tsai F-S, Ling H-C. Business Area Changes and Entrepreneurial Persistence in Ecology- and Food-Related Industries: Knowledge Heterogeneity and Emotion Perspectives. Sustainability. 2018; 10(4):929. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10040929
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Hongmin, Fu-Sheng Tsai, and Han-Chang Ling. 2018. "Business Area Changes and Entrepreneurial Persistence in Ecology- and Food-Related Industries: Knowledge Heterogeneity and Emotion Perspectives" Sustainability 10, no. 4: 929. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10040929