An Integrated Approach to Evaluate Urban Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area and Method
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Index System and Data Collection
2.3. The Entropy Method
2.4. Grey Relational Analysis (GRA)
- (1)
- Select the optimum value from the sample and construct the reference sequence:The compared sequence is,
- (2)
- Then the formula of the grey relational grade for the compared series in terms of weight is as follows,In which, is the k-th weight of = and
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Results of the Level of Influenced Factors
3.2. Results of Overall level of UAC
3.3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | Average Minimum Temperature/°C *10a−1 | Average Maximum Temperature/°C *10a−1 | Average Temperature/°C *10a−1 | Average Minimum Temperature/°C *10a−1 | Extreme Maximum Temperature/°C *10a−1 | Precipitation/min *10a−1 | Relative Humidity/% *10a−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1959–1958 | −0.23 | −0.37 | −0.30 | −1.20 | −0.27 | 6.96 | 2.89 ** |
1979–1998 | 0.09 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.64 | −0.01 | 199.30 ** | 0.07 |
1999–2014 | 0.92 ** | 0.60 | 0.76 ** | 0.79 | 0.67 | −119.75 | −8.21 ** |
1959–2014 | 0.25 ** | 0.19 * | 0.23 ** | 0.42 * | 0.13 | 9.30 | −1.24 ** |
Target | Dimension | Index | Effect |
---|---|---|---|
Urban adaptive capacity to climate change | Driver | Rate of population growth (%) | + |
Rate of urbanization (%) | + | ||
Rate of GDP growth (%) | + | ||
Pressure | Energy consumption per unit of GDP (ton of SCE/10,000 yuan) | − | |
Electricity consumption per unit of GDP (Kwh/10,000 yuan) | − | ||
Volume of industrial waste water discharged per unit of GDP (ton/10,000 yuan) | − | ||
Volume of industrial waste emission of unit GDP (m3/10,000 yuan) | − | ||
Built-up area (sq.km) | − | ||
Urban construction land-use area (sq.km) | − | ||
Population density (person/sq.km) | − | ||
State | Percent of air quality days (%) | + | |
Per capita water resource (m3/person) | + | ||
Green area coverage rate in developed area (%) | + | ||
Proportion of the added value of tertiary industry in GDP (%) | + | ||
Per capita green park land (m2/person) | + | ||
Customer price index | − | ||
Area of natural reserves (10,000 hectare) | + | ||
Per capita cultivated area (mu/person) | + | ||
Impact | Income of urban households (yuan) | + | |
Per capita total retail sales of consumer goods (yuan/person) | + | ||
Rate of unemployment (%) | − | ||
Household saving deposits (100 million yuan) | + | ||
Total floor space of dilapidated buildings at year-end (10,000 sq.m) | − | ||
Per capita floor space of residential buildings (sq.m/person) | − | ||
Output of grain (ton) | + | ||
Response | Number of students in higher education (person) | + | |
Environmental protection expenditure (10,000 yuan) | + | ||
Public budget expenditure | + | ||
Ratio of waste water treatment by sewage disposal (%) | + | ||
Percentage of solid wastes utilized (%) | + | ||
Number of beds per 104 persons (bed) | + | ||
Number of mobile telephone users at the year-end (10,000 subscribers) | + | ||
Number of internet users (10,000 subscribers) | + |
No | Scoring Standard | Types |
---|---|---|
1 | 0–0.60 | High maladaptation |
2 | 0.60–0.70 | Slight adaptation |
3 | 0.70–0.85 | Favorable adaptation |
4 | 0.85–1 | High adaptation |
Dimension | Weight | Indicator | Weight | Dimension | Weight | Indicator | Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diver | 0.036 | 0.027 | Impact | 0.332 | 0.032 | ||
0.002 | 0.05 | ||||||
0.007 | 0.003 | ||||||
Pressure | 0.17 | 0.015 | 0.052 | ||||
0.013 | 0.183 | ||||||
0.08 | 0.012 | ||||||
0.033 | 7.81 × 10^5 | ||||||
0.011 | Response | 0.381 | 0.002 | ||||
0.014 | 0.177 | ||||||
0.0001 | 0.08 | ||||||
State | 0.087 | 0.008 | 0.024 | ||||
0.011 | 0.0006 | ||||||
0.0003 | 0.019 | ||||||
0.002 | 0.031 | ||||||
0.004 | 0.032 | ||||||
0.0001 | |||||||
0.061 | |||||||
0.0002 |
Year | UAC | Types | Year | UAC | Types |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2006 | 0.402 | High maladaptation | 2011 | 0.651 | Slight adaptation |
2007 | 0.421 | High maladaptation | 2012 | 0.663 | Slight adaptation |
2008 | 0.428 | High maladaptation | 2013 | 0.673 | Slight adaptation |
2009 | 0.567 | High maladaptation | 2014 | 0.829 | Favorable adaptation |
2010 | 0.602 | Slight adaptation | 2015 | 0.826 | Favorable adaptation |
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Hu, Q.; He, X. An Integrated Approach to Evaluate Urban Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1272. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10041272
Hu Q, He X. An Integrated Approach to Evaluate Urban Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change. Sustainability. 2018; 10(4):1272. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10041272
Chicago/Turabian StyleHu, Qiangsheng, and Xiaorong He. 2018. "An Integrated Approach to Evaluate Urban Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change" Sustainability 10, no. 4: 1272. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10041272