An Investigation of the Influence of the Worldwide Governance and Competitiveness on Accounting Fraud Cases: A Cross-Country Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background
3. Data and Methodologies
4. Results and Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Independent Variables | COC | GOE | POS | REQ | RLW | VOA | ln(GDP) | ln(GCI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
COF | 1.000 | |||||||
GOE | −0.702 | 1.000 | ||||||
POS | −0.497 | 0.106 | 1.000 | |||||
REQ | 0.109 | −0.441 | 0.091 | 1.000 | ||||
RLW | −0.092 | −0.052 | −0.248 | −0.547 | 1.000 | |||
VOA | −0.812 | 0.561 | 0.686 | 0.017 | −0.304 | 1.000 | ||
ln(GDP) | 0.282 | −0.098 | −0.339 | −0.259 | 0.280 | −0.225 | 1.000 | |
ln(GCI) | −0.805 | 0.432 | 0.762 | 0.051 | −0.166 | 0.764 | −0.511 | 1.000 |
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Variables/Statistics | ln(fraud) | COC | GOE | POS | REQ | RLW | VOA | ln(GDP) | ln(GCI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | 1.433 | 0.162 | 0.355 | −0.059 | 0.346 | 0.293 | 0.13 | 12.554 | 1.483 |
Median | 1.386 | −0.138 | 0.193 | 0.009 | 0.345 | 0.037 | 0.147 | 12.761 | 1.478 |
Minimum | 0.000 | −1.549 | −1.567 | −2.757 | −1.899 | −1.433 | −1.800 | 8.338 | 1.099 |
Maximum | 6.471 | 2.270 | 2.194 | 1.453 | 2.231 | 2.121 | 1.740 | 16.659 | 1.741 |
S. deviation | 1.218 | 1.064 | 0.969 | 0.955 | 0.965 | 1.029 | 0.974 | 1.712 | 0.147 |
C.V. | 0.850 | 6.558 | 2.730 | 16.127 | 2.793 | 3.515 | 9.434 | 0.136 | 0.099 |
Skewness | 1.070 | 0.574 | 0.130 | −0.567 | −0.041 | 0.333 | 9.274 | 0.026 | −0.165 |
Ex. kurtosis | 1.936 | −0.889 | −1.041 | −0.171 | −0.797 | −1.122 | −1.084 | −0.448 | −0.670 |
Shapiro-Wilk test for normality | |||||||||
W | 0.907 *** | 0.921 *** | 0.962 *** | 0.957 *** | 0.978 *** | 0.932 *** | 0.961 *** | 0.988 *** | 0.972 *** |
Test for multivariate normality | |||||||||
Doornik-Hansen (χ2) = 1956.778 *** |
Independent Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | Model 7 | Model 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | 1.129 | 1.210 | −4.542 | −3.375 | −0.449 | −0.536 | −5.798 | −3.127 |
8.415 *** | 9.66 *** | −5.608 *** | −4.456 | −1.850* | −2.352 * | −8.699 *** | −2.553 ** | |
COC | −0.549 | −0.756 | −0.663 | −0.497 | ||||
0.456 | −1.968 * | −1,654 | −1.9920 * | |||||
GOE | 0.995 | 0.631 | -0.298 | 1.252 | 1.079 | |||
2.201 ** | 3.027 *** | −0.298 | 3.230 *** | 3.903 *** | ||||
POS | −0.550 | −0.654 | 0.080 | −0.498 | 0.344 | |||
−2.593 ** | −2.933 *** | 0.142 | −2.962 *** | −2.544 ** | ||||
REQ | −0.523 | 0.149 | −0.305 | |||||
−1.434 | 0.436 | −1.127 | ||||||
RLW | 0.660 | 0.687 | 0.315 | |||||
1.130 | 1.438 | 0.664 | ||||||
VOA | 0.021 | 0.019 | 0.017 | 0.017 | 0.016 | 0.046 | ||
4.654 *** | 5.668 *** | 4.275 *** | 6.680 *** | 3.815 *** | 3.593 *** | |||
ln(GDP) | 0.464 | 0.376 | 0.464 | |||||
6.735 *** | 6.063 *** | 8.879 *** | ||||||
ln(GCI) | 1.855 | |||||||
2.553 ** | ||||||||
English | 1.910 | 1.954 | 2.026 | 2.439 | ||||
6.007 *** | 5.406 *** | 9.354 *** | 6.947 *** | |||||
French | 1.215 | 2.02553 | 1.242 | 1.617 | ||||
4.335 *** | 5.289 *** | 6.934 *** | 6.372 *** | |||||
German | 1.378 | 1.425 | 0.940 | 1.626 | ||||
3.362 *** | 3.544 *** | 2.253 ** | 4.652 *** | |||||
Observation | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 67 | 67 | 66 | 63 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.826 | 0.793 | 0.891 | 0.861 | 0.983 | 0.981 | 0.680 | 0.665 |
F-test | 70.67 *** | 113.41 *** | 102.66 *** | 287.28 *** | 451.61 *** | 486.36 *** | 35.56 *** | 31.88 *** |
Independent Variables | Model 9 | Model 10 | Model 11 | Model 12 | Model 13 | Model 14 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | 1.221 | 2.221 | −0.402 | –2.661 | –5.292 | |
10.27 *** | 10.27 *** | −0.942 | −2.335 ** | −4.209 *** | ||
COC | −0.097 | −0.917 | -0.925 | |||
−0.2800 | −2.675 *** | −3.253 *** | ||||
GOE | 0.346 | 1.035 | 1.533 | 1.551 | ||
0.804 | 5.654 *** | 3.161 *** | 4.589 *** | |||
POS | −0.631 | −0.641 | −0.955 | −0.842 | ||
−3.986 *** | −4.922 *** | −5.348 *** | −4.666 *** | |||
REQ | 0.190 | −0.212 | ||||
0.363 | −0.558 | |||||
RLW | 0.190 | −0.212 | ||||
0.363 | 0.903 | |||||
VOA | −0.004 | 0.681 | 0.612 | |||
−0.026 | 3.279 *** | 3.363 *** | ||||
ln(GCI) | 3.029 | 3.674 | ||||
3.863 *** | 4.986 *** | |||||
English | 1.941 | 1.132 | 2.239 | |||
4.132 *** | 3.462 *** | 5.450 *** | ||||
French | 1.328 | 0.542 | 1.562 | |||
2.816 *** | 1.187 ** | 4.482 *** | ||||
German | 0.742 | 0.963 | ||||
0.127 | 3.686 *** | |||||
Observation | 102 | 102 | 74 | 74 | 95 | 70 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.195 | 0.231 | 0.563 | 0.421 | 0.138 | 0.372 |
F-test | 5.079 *** | 16.19 *** | 9.171 *** | 9.848 *** | 14.92 *** | 9.66 *** |
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Sadaf, R.; Oláh, J.; Popp, J.; Máté, D. An Investigation of the Influence of the Worldwide Governance and Competitiveness on Accounting Fraud Cases: A Cross-Country Perspective. Sustainability 2018, 10, 588. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10030588
Sadaf R, Oláh J, Popp J, Máté D. An Investigation of the Influence of the Worldwide Governance and Competitiveness on Accounting Fraud Cases: A Cross-Country Perspective. Sustainability. 2018; 10(3):588. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10030588
Chicago/Turabian StyleSadaf, Rabeea, Judit Oláh, József Popp, and Domicián Máté. 2018. "An Investigation of the Influence of the Worldwide Governance and Competitiveness on Accounting Fraud Cases: A Cross-Country Perspective" Sustainability 10, no. 3: 588. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10030588