Post-Earthquake Restoration Simulation Model for Water Supply Networks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Model Overview
2.2. Model Simulation Process
2.2.1. Earthquake Simulation and Damage Determination
- (1)
- Calculate the PGA of seismic waves that reached each facility using the seismic wave attenuation equation (Equation (1)).
- (2)
- Calculate the damage probability of each facility using the obtained PGA value and the fragility curves (Figure 2).
- (3)
- Generate a random number between 0 and 1 for each facility.
- (4)
- If the random number is smaller than the damage probability derived in step 2, the facility is defined as “damaged”, otherwise, it is “normal”.
- (1)
- Calculate the PGV value of the seismic wave arriving at each pipe.
- (2)
- Calculate the repair rate of the pipes using Equation (3).
- (3)
- Estimate the distance between repair points of each pipe (L1 = 1/RR) and compare it with the actual pipe length (L2) to determine whether earthquake damage has occurred in the pipe. That is, if L1 is larger than L2, no damage occurs in the pipe.
- (4)
- For the damaged pipe with L1 < L2, a random number between 0 and 1 is generated and compared with the pipe failure probability (Equation (5)). If the random number is smaller than the breakage probability, the pipe is considered to be broken, otherwise it is leaking.
- (5)
- Using this procedure, all the pipes in the network are classified into either ‘no damage’, ‘leakage’ or ‘breakage’.
2.2.2. Hydraulic Analysis and Recovery Simulation
2.2.3. Quantification of System Recovery
2.3. Summary of Assumptions and Simplifications
3. Applications and Results
3.1. Application Network
3.2. Recovery Scenarios
3.3. Simulation Results
3.3.1. Comparison of Restoration Strategies
3.3.2. Spatiotemporal Restoration Pattern
3.3.3. Repair Crew Activity
3.3.4. Impact on Tank Water Level
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Case | Zoning | Rule | Description |
---|---|---|---|
A1 | No | 1 | Pipes carrying higher water flow get higher repair priority |
A2 | No | 2 | Pipes closer to water sources get higher repair priority |
A3 | No | 3 | Pipes nearest to a current repair point get priority |
B1 | Yes | 1 | Pipes carrying higher water flow get higher priority within a zone |
B2 | Yes | 2 | Pipes closer to water sources get higher priority within a zone |
B3 | Yes | 3 | Pipes nearest to a current repair point get priority within a zone |
Case | Curve Area (h) | Completion Time (h) |
---|---|---|
A1 | 8.9 | 53 |
A2 | 9.8 | 52 |
A3 | 11.1 | 53 |
B1 | 9.3 | 45 |
B2 | 12.0 | 46 |
B3 | 10.7 | 48 |
Case | Rank for Curve Area | Rank for Repair Time | Total Rank Sum |
---|---|---|---|
A1 | 1 | 5 | 6 |
A2 | 3 | 4 | 7 |
A3 | 5 | 5 | 10 |
B1 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
B2 | 6 | 2 | 8 |
B3 | 4 | 3 | 7 |
Best case/Total rank sum | Case B1/3 |
Case | Average Time for Repair (h) | Average Time for Travel (h) | Average Time for Wait (h) |
---|---|---|---|
A1 | 41.3 | 7.7 | 4.0 |
A2 | 41.3 | 6.5 | 5.1 |
A3 | 41.4 | 7.1 | 4.5 |
B1 | 36.2 | 4.8 | 4.0 |
B2 | 36.2 | 5.2 | 4.6 |
B3 | 37.0 | 5.3 | 5.7 |
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Choi, J.; Yoo, D.G.; Kang, D. Post-Earthquake Restoration Simulation Model for Water Supply Networks. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3618. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103618
Choi J, Yoo DG, Kang D. Post-Earthquake Restoration Simulation Model for Water Supply Networks. Sustainability. 2018; 10(10):3618. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103618
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoi, Jeongwook, Do Guen Yoo, and Doosun Kang. 2018. "Post-Earthquake Restoration Simulation Model for Water Supply Networks" Sustainability 10, no. 10: 3618. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103618