A Comparative Analysis of the Visual Comfort Performance between a PCM Glazing and a Conventional Selective Double Glazed Unit
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Visual Comfort
1.3. Aims of the Paper
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of the Glazing Systems Used for the Simulations
2.2. Description of the Case Study and of the Simulation Approach
2.3. Performance Metrics and Data Analysis
- -
- DGP < 35%: ‘imperceptible glare’
- -
- DGP in the range 35–40%: ‘perceptible glare’
- -
- DGP in the range 40–45%: ‘disturbing glare’
- -
- DGP > 45%: ‘intolerable glare’.
- an average Spatial Useful Illuminance (sEu,av_100–3000), defined as the mean value of all the sEu_100–3000 values calculated for each of the 12 time-steps. It expresses the percentage of workplane points for which the illuminance is between 100 lx and 3000 lx over the 12 time-steps considered
- two average DGP (DGPav), defined as the mean value of the DGP values calculated for each of the 12 time-steps, one metric calculated for each of the two points considered in the room for the DGP calculation (DGPav_1.5m and DGPav_3m). Both metrics express the probability of having daylight-related glare issues over the 12 time-steps analyzed.
3. Results
3.1. Detailed Results of the 288 Cases
3.1.1. Overcast Sky Conditions
3.1.2. Sunny Sky Conditions
3.2. Synthetics Representation of Results into Classes
3.2.1. Overcast Sky Conditions
3.2.2. Sunny Sky Conditions
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Acronyms and Symbols
Acronyms | Definition | |
CIE | Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage | |
DGU | Double Glazing Unit | |
PCM | Phase Change Material | |
Symbols | Definition | Unit |
-aa | Ambient accuracy | |
-ab | Ambient bounces | |
-ad | Ambient divisions | |
-ar | Ambient resolution | |
-as | Ambient super-samples | |
Av | Visible absorptance | [-] |
DGP | Daylight Glare Probability | [%] |
DGP1.5m | Daylight Glare Probability assessed 1.5 m far from the window | [%] |
DGP3m | Daylight Glare Probability assessed 3 m far from the window | [%] |
DGPav | Average Daylight Glare Probability | [%] |
DGPav_1.5m | Average Daylight Glare Probability assessed 1.5 m far from the window | [%] |
DGPav_3m | Average Daylight Glare Probability assessed 3 m far from the window | [%] |
E | Illuminance | [lx] |
L | Latitude | [°] |
l | Longitude | [°] |
Rv | Visible reflectance | [-] |
Rv,diff | Diffuse visible reflectance | [-] |
Rv,spec | Specular visible reflectance | [-] |
Sel-0.5 | DGU with selective glazing | |
sEu | Spatial Useful Illuminance | [%] |
sEu,av | Average Spatial Useful Illuminance | [%] |
sEu,av_100–3000 | Average Spatial Useful Illuminance: percentage of workplane with 100 lx < E < 3000 lx | [%] |
sEu_100 | Spatial Useful Illuminance: percentage of workplace with E < 100 lx | [%] |
sEu_100–3000 | Spatial Useful Illuminance: percentage of workplane with 100 lx < E < 3000 lx | [%] |
sEu_3000 | Spatial Useful illuminance: percentage of workplane with E > 3000 lx | [%] |
Tv | Visible transmittance | [-] |
Tv,diff | Diffuse visible transmittance | [-] |
Tv,spec | Specular visible transmittance | [-] |
UDI | Useful Daylight Illuminance | [%] |
UDI100 | Useful Daylight Illuminance: percentage of occupied time for which E < 100 lx | [%] |
UDI100–2000 | Useful Daylight Illuminance: percentage of occupied time for which 100 lx < E < 2000 lx | [%] |
UDI100–3000 | Useful Daylight Illuminance: percentage of occupied time for which 100 lx < E < 3000 lx | [%] |
UDI3000 | Useful Daylight Illuminance: percentage of occupied time for which E > 3000 lx | [%] |
α | Solar azimuth angle | [°] |
γ | Solar elevation angle | [°] |
References
- Loonen, R.C.G.M. Bio-inspired adaptive building skins. In Biotechnologies and Biomimetics for Civil Engineering, 1st ed.; Pacheco Torgal, F., Labrincha, J.A., Diamanti, M.V., Yu, C.P., Lee, H.K., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2015; pp. 115–134. ISBN 978-3-319-09286-7. [Google Scholar]
- Loonen, R.C.G.M.; Trčka, M.; Cóstola, D.; Hensen, J.L.M. Climate adaptive building shells: State-of-the-art and future challenges. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2013, 25, 483–493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Baetens, R.; Jelle, B.P.; Gustavsen, A. Properties, requirements and possibilities of smart windows for dynamic daylight and solar energy control in buildings: A state-of-the-art review. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. C 2010, 94, 87–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jiru, T.E.; Taob, Y.X.; Haghighat, F. Airflow and heat transfer in double skin facades. Energy Build. 2011, 43, 2760–2766. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shameri, M.A.; Alghoul, M.A.; Sopian, K.; Zain, M.F.M.; Elayeb, O. Perspectives of double skin façade systems in buildings and energy saving. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2011, 15, 1468–1475. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Silva, T.; Vicente, R.; Rodrigues, F. Literature review on the use of phase change materials in glazing and shading solutions. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2016, 53, 515–535. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Andersen, M. Unweaving the human response in daylighting design. Build. Environ. 2014, 91, 101–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carlucci, S.; Causone, F.; De Rosa, F.; Pagliano, L. A review of indices for assessing visual comfort with a view to their use in optimization processes to support building integrated design. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2015, 47, 1016–1033. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- European Committee for Standardisation. EN 12665, Light and Lighting—Basic Terms and Criteria for Specifying Lighting Requirements; European Committee for Standardisation: Brussels, Belgium, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Wienold, J.; Christoffersen, J. Evaluation methods and development of a new glare prediction model for daylight environments with the use of CCD cameras. Energy Build. 2006, 38, 743–757. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Konstantzos, I.; Tzempelikos, A.; Chan, Y.C. Experimental and simulation analysis of daylight glare probability in offices with dynamic window shades. Build. Environ. 2015, 87, 244–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Piccolo, A.; Simone, F. Effect of switchable glazing on discomfort glare from windows. Build. Environ. 2009, 44, 1171–1180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Matusiak, B.S. Glare from a translucent façade, evaluation with an experimental method. Sol. Energy 2013, 97, 230–237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aries, M.B.C.; Veitch, J.A.; Newsham, G.R. Windows, view, and office characteristics predict physical and psychological discomfort. J. Environ. Psychol. 2010, 30, 533–541. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tuaycharoen, N.; Tregenza, P.R. View and discomfort glare from windows. Light. Res. Technol. 2007, 39, 185–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fokaides, P.A.; Kylili, A.; Kalogirou, S.A. Phase change materials (PCMs) integrated into transparent building elements: A review. Mater. Renew. Sustain. Energy 2015, 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vigna, I.; Bianco, L.; Goia, F.; Serra, V. Phase Change Materials in Transparent Building Envelopes: A Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) Analysis. Energies 2018, 11, 111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giovannini, L.; Goia, F.; Lo Verso, V.R.M.; Serra, V. Phase Change Materials in glazing: implications on light distribution and visual comfort. Preliminary results. Energy Proc. 2017, 111, 357–366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goia, F.; Perino, M.; Serra, V. Improving thermal comfort conditions by means of PCM glazing systems. Energy Build. 2013, 60, 442–452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goia, F.; Perino, M.; Serra, V. Experimental analysis of the energy performance of a full-scale PCM glazing prototype. Sol. Energy 2014, 100, 217–233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gowreesunker, B.L.; Stankovic, S.B.; Tassou, S.A.; Kyriacou, P.A. Experimental and numerical investigations of the optical and thermal aspects of a PCM-glazed unit. Energy Build. 2013, 61, 239–249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ismail, K.; Henríquez, J. Parametric study on composite and PCM glass systems. Energy Convers. Manag. 2002, 43, 973–993. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, S.; Zhou, Y.; Zhong, K.; Zhang, X.; Jin, X. Thermal analysis of PCM-filled glass windows in hot summer and cold winter area. Int. J. Low-Carbon Technol. 2013, 11, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goia, F. Thermo-physical behaviour and energy performance assessment of PCM glazing system configurations: A numerical analysis. Front. Arch. Res. 2012, 1, 341–347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Weinläder, H.; Beck, A.; Fricke, J. PCM-façade-panel for daylighting and room heating. Sol. Energy 2005, 78, 177–186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goia, F.; Bianco, L.; Cascone, Y.; Perino, M.; Serra, V. Experimental analysis of an advanced dynamic glazing prototype integrating PCM and thermotropic layers. Energy Proc. 2014, 48, 1272–1281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Iennarella, S.; Lo Verso, V.R.M.; Serra, V. A novel concept of a responsive transparent façade module: optimization of energy performance through parametric design. Energy Proc. 2015, 78, 358–363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Frontini, F.; Pfefferot, J.; Herkel, S.; Schwartz, D. Building simulation study of a residential double-row, house with seasonal PCM-translucent façade. In Proceedings of the CISBAT 2011-International Conference—CleanTech for Sustainable Buildings—From Nano to Urban Scale, Lausanne, Switzerland, 11–16 September 2011; pp. 99–104. [Google Scholar]
- Grynning, S.; Goia, F.; Time, B. Dynamic Thermal Performance of a PCM Window System: Characterization Using Large Scale Measurements. Energy Proc. 2015, 78, 85–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Grynning, S.; Goia, F.; Rognvik, E.; Time, B. Possibilities for characterization of a PCM window system using large scale measurements. Int. J. Sustain. Built. Environ. 2013, 2, 56–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Manz, H.; Egolf, P.W.; Suter, P.; Goetzberger, A.; Abel, E. TIM—PCM external wall system for solar space heating and daylighting. Sol. Energy 1997, 61, 369–379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goia, F.; Zinzi, M.; Carnielo, E.; Serra, V. Characterization of the optical properties of a PCM glazing system. Energy Proc. 2012, 30, 428–437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goia, F.; Zinzi, M.; Carnielo, E.; Serra, V. Spectral and angular solar properties of a PCM-filled double glazing unit. Energy Build. 2015, 87, 302–312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- European Committee for Standardisation. EN 12464, Light and Lighting—Lighting of Workplaces Part 1: Indoor Work Places; European Committee for Standardisation: Brussels, Belgium, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Nabil, A.; Mardaljevic, J. Useful daylight illuminance: a new paradigm for assessing daylight in buildings. Light. Res. Technol. 2005, 37, 41–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wienold, J. Dynamic daylight glare evaluation. In Proceedings of the 11th International IBPSA (International Building Performance Simulation Association) Conference—Building Simulation, Glasgow, Scotland, 27–30 July 2009; pp. 944–951. [Google Scholar]
- Berardi, U.; Hamid Anaraki, K. Analysis of the Impacts of Light Shelves on the Useful Daylight Illuminance in Office Buildings in Toronto. Energy Proc. 2015, 78, 1793–1798. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mardaljevic, J.; Andersen, M.; Roy, N.; Christoffersen, J. Daylighting metrics for residential buildings. In Proceedings of the 27th Session of CIE, Sun City, South Africa, 11–15 July 2011; pp. 93–111. [Google Scholar]
- Goia, F.; Perino, M.; Haase, M. A numerical model to evaluate the thermal behaviour of PCM glazing system configurations. Energy Build. 2012, 54, 141–153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, C.; Zhou, Y.; Li, D.; Meng, F.; Zheng, Y.; Liu, X. Numerical analysis on thermal performance of a PCM-filled double glazing roof. Energy Build. 2016, 125, 267–275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Östersund | Turin | Abu Dhabi | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
α [°] | γ [°] | α [°] | γ [°] | α [°] | γ [°] | ||
21 June | 09:00 | 120.6 | 40.0 | 98.9 | 42.3 | 80.3 | 43.9 |
12:00 | 178.7 | 50.3 | 161.2 | 67.3 | 99.5 | 84.6 | |
15:00 | 237.4 | 40.7 | 246.7 | 52.8 | 276.7 | 54.3 | |
18:00 | 280.3 | 21.2 | 281.9 | 21.7 | 289.5 | 14.4 | |
21 September | 09:00 | 132.7 | 19.8 | 119.7 | 27.1 | 109.1 | 37.4 |
12:00 | 181.4 | 27.6 | 172.0 | 45.4 | 170.9 | 66.1 | |
15:00 | 229.7 | 18.8 | 229.6 | 33.6 | 245.7 | 43.5 | |
18:00 | 271.4 | 0.02 | 266.4 | 4.4 | 269.1 | 3.6 | |
21 December | 09:00 | - | - | 133.4 | 6.7 | 130.9 | 22.0 |
12:00 | 180.0 | 3.4 | 173.3 | 21.1 | 174.1 | 41.9 | |
15:00 | - | - | 215.6 | 13.1 | 222.2 | 28.3 | |
18:00 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Diffuse Reflectance (Rv,diff) | 0.32 |
Diffuse Transmittance (Tv,diff) | 0.54 |
Specular Reflectance (Rv,spec) | 0.01 |
Specular Transmittance (Tv,spec) | 0.01 |
Class | Glare Condition | Thresholds |
---|---|---|
Class A | imperceptible glare | DGPav < 35% |
Class B | perceptible glare | 35% ≤ DGPav < 40% |
Class C | disturbing glare | 40% ≤ DGPav < 45% |
Class D | intolerable glare | DGPav ≥ 45% |
Class | Thresholds |
---|---|
Class A | sEu,av_100–3000 > 75% |
Class B | 50% < sEu,av_100–3000 ≤ 75% |
Class C | 25% < sEu,av_100–3000 ≤ 50% |
Class D | sEu,av_100–3000 ≤ 25% |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Giovannini, L.; Goia, F.; Lo Verso, V.R.M.; Serra, V. A Comparative Analysis of the Visual Comfort Performance between a PCM Glazing and a Conventional Selective Double Glazed Unit. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3579. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103579
Giovannini L, Goia F, Lo Verso VRM, Serra V. A Comparative Analysis of the Visual Comfort Performance between a PCM Glazing and a Conventional Selective Double Glazed Unit. Sustainability. 2018; 10(10):3579. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103579
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiovannini, Luigi, Francesco Goia, Valerio R. M. Lo Verso, and Valentina Serra. 2018. "A Comparative Analysis of the Visual Comfort Performance between a PCM Glazing and a Conventional Selective Double Glazed Unit" Sustainability 10, no. 10: 3579. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103579