A Comparative Analysis of Satisfaction and Sustainable Participation in Actual Leisure Sports and Virtual Reality Leisure Sports
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
Research Significance and Research Questions
- Research question 1: What are differences in sports enjoyed by participants of actual leisure sports and VR leisure sports by gender?
- Research question 2: What are the gender differences in leisure satisfaction and intent of further participation in actual sports and VR sports?
- Research question 3: What leisure satisfaction factors drive the intent of further participation in actual sports and VR sports?
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Participants
3.2. Measures
3.3. Data Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Descriptive Statistics
4.2. Scale Validity and Reliability
4.3. Multivariate Analysis of Variance
4.4. Multiple Regression
5. Discussion
5.1. Significant Differences
5.2. Non-Significant Differences
5.3. Practical Implications of This Study
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gender | Male n = 326 (53.1%) | Female n = 288 (46.9%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Sports | Actual Sports n = 314 (51.1%) | VR Sports n = 300 (48.9%) | ||
Male | Female | Male | Female | |
Soccer | 42 | 1 | 49 | 28 |
Baseball | 39 | 2 | 61 | 52 |
Basketball | 21 | 1 | 4 | 5 |
Golf | 20 | 14 | 42 | 45 |
Table Tennis | 14 | 10 | 2 | 3 |
Badminton | 10 | 13 | 3 | 6 |
Yoga | 2 | 52 | - | - |
Pilates | 1 | 33 | - | - |
Swimming | 8 | 21 | - | - |
etc. | 8 | 2 | - | - |
Factors | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Items | Sustainable Participation | Educational | Aesthetic | Psychological | Relaxation | Physical | Social |
SP1 | 0.911 | 0.054 | 0.041 | 0.064 | −0.003 | 0.026 | 0.079 |
SP4 | 0.871 | 0.018 | 0.058 | 0.070 | 0.045 | 0.070 | 0.065 |
SP3 | 0.870 | 0.077 | 0.020 | 0.081 | −0.024 | 0.022 | 0.020 |
SP2 | 0.855 | 0.024 | 0.022 | 0.092 | −0.007 | 0.078 | 0.065 |
E4 | 0.052 | 0.896 | −0.024 | 0.024 | 0.010 | 0.012 | 0.016 |
E1 | 0.028 | 0.872 | −0.041 | 0.020 | −0.006 | −0.016 | 0.017 |
E3 | 0.029 | 0.870 | 0.025 | 0.017 | 0.019 | −0.018 | −0.038 |
E2 | 0.057 | 0.848 | 0.012 | −0.054 | −0.028 | 0.042 | −0.021 |
A1 | 0.027 | −0.017 | 0.932 | 0.009 | 0.013 | 0.020 | 0.009 |
A2 | 0.043 | 0.049 | 0.872 | −0.042 | −0.031 | 0.018 | 0.022 |
A3 | 0.057 | −0.059 | 0.872 | 0.027 | −0.034 | 0.033 | 0.002 |
PS1 | 0.089 | 0.005 | −0.002 | 0.927 | 0.007 | 0.018 | 0.037 |
PS2 | 0.107 | 0.007 | −0.011 | 0.859 | 0.015 | 0.021 | 0.066 |
PS3 | 0.008 | −0.008 | 0.006 | 0.817 | −0.015 | 0.073 | 0.035 |
R1 | 0.011 | 0.023 | −0.029 | −0.013 | 0.892 | −0.008 | 0.030 |
R3 | 0.004 | 0.005 | −0.001 | 0.014 | 0.880 | 0.041 | 0.005 |
R2 | −0.006 | −0.031 | −0.023 | 0.004 | 0.836 | 0.031 | −0.009 |
PH1 | 0.053 | 0.002 | 0.014 | 0.042 | 0.032 | 0.902 | 0.030 |
PH3 | 0.014 | 0.068 | 0.044 | 0.055 | −0.021 | 0.849 | 0.035 |
PH2 | 0.099 | −0.047 | 0.011 | 0.016 | 0.051 | 0.765 | 0.036 |
S1 | 0.060 | 0.019 | 0.051 | 0.021 | 0.029 | 0.060 | 0.859 |
S3 | 0.107 | 0.065 | 0.018 | 0.079 | −0.027 | −0.019 | 0.827 |
S2 | 0.030 | −0.102 | −0.034 | 0.034 | 0.022 | 0.057 | 0.771 |
E−value | 3.145 | 3.079 | 2.406 | 2.308 | 2.281 | 2.153 | 2.045 |
Variance (%) | 13.676 | 13.386 | 10.460 | 10.033 | 9.916 | 9.361 | 8.893 |
α | 0.908 | 0.896 | 0.874 | 0.847 | 0.839 | 0.799 | 0.765 |
Source | DV | df | F | p | η2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leisure | Educational | 3 | 8.702 | 0.000 *** | 0.041 |
Satisfaction | Social | 3 | 0.835 | 0.475 | 0.004 |
Aesthetic | 3 | 12.142 | 0.000 *** | 0.056 | |
Relaxation | 3 | 2.163 | 0.091 | 0.011 | |
Physical | 3 | 1.796 | 0.147 | 0.009 | |
Psychological | 3 | 0.864 | 0.460 | 0.004 | |
Intent for sustainable participation | 3 | 12.327 | 0.000 *** | 0.057 |
Educational | Social | Aesthetic | Relaxation | Physical | Psychological | Sustainable Participation | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group 1 | 2.94 | 3.69 | 2.69 | 3.31 | 3.33 | 3.52 | 2.79 |
Group 2 | 2.74 | 3.77 | 2.79 | 3.03 | 3.57 | 3.36 | 2.79 |
Group 3 | 2.88 | 3.70 | 3.19 | 3.10 | 3.54 | 3.38 | 2.60 |
Group 4 | 3.32 | 3.60 | 3.38 | 3.08 | 3.44 | 3.37 | 3.33 |
Model | B | SE | β | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(constant) | 0.772 | 0.323 | 2.392 | 0.017 | |
Educational | 0.102 | 0.042 | 0.094 | 2.414 | 0.016 * |
Social | 0.157 | 0.050 | 0.123 | 3.125 | 0.002 ** |
Aesthetic | 0.075 | 0.037 | 0.081 | 2.062 | 0.040 * |
Relaxation | 0.004 | 0.040 | 0.004 | 0.109 | 0.913 |
Physical | 0.101 | 0.042 | 0.094 | 2.392 | 0.017 * |
Psychological | 0.182 | 0.042 | 0.170 | 4.330 | 0.000 *** |
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Bum, C.-H.; Mahoney, T.Q.; Choi, C. A Comparative Analysis of Satisfaction and Sustainable Participation in Actual Leisure Sports and Virtual Reality Leisure Sports. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3475. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103475
Bum C-H, Mahoney TQ, Choi C. A Comparative Analysis of Satisfaction and Sustainable Participation in Actual Leisure Sports and Virtual Reality Leisure Sports. Sustainability. 2018; 10(10):3475. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103475
Chicago/Turabian StyleBum, Chul-Ho, Tara Q. Mahoney, and Chulhwan Choi. 2018. "A Comparative Analysis of Satisfaction and Sustainable Participation in Actual Leisure Sports and Virtual Reality Leisure Sports" Sustainability 10, no. 10: 3475. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103475