Assessment of Energy-Saving Practices of the Hospitality Industry in Macau
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. The Indices
- In the investigation, for energy conservation, some hotels have established a good mechanism to encourage their staff to propose new schemes to the hotel for energy saving. Also, some hotels have staff training programs to make sure that a piece of equipment is operated and maintained in an energy-efficient manner. According to the experiences from abroad, staff training is significant for improving energy efficiency [31]. Therefore, we add this index into the index set and it is denoted as ICc1.
- To support the low carbon-oriented transformation of commercial enterprises, improve air quality, and save energy, the Macau government established a fund called the “Environmental Protection and Energy Conservation Fund” [32,33] used to support projects for environmental protection in 2011. A hotel in Macau can take advantage of this by applying funding from it to improve its energy efficiency. Whether a hotel applies such a fund indicates its energy-saving awareness and behaviors. Thus, we take it as an index denoted as ICc2.
- Macau is located in a subtropical region and the weather is hot most of the time. Due to such a special weather environment, a hotel may grow green plants on its roof, which is called a green roof. With a green roof, the external heat is significantly isolated to save electricity consumption of air conditioners. This measure is more and more recognized worldwide. Thus, we take whether there is a green roof as an index and it is denoted as ICc3.
- There is a trend to encourage guests to change bed linen and towels every other day other than every day to save energy in hotels. Thus, there are different ways to do so for various hotels. For example, some hotels offer restaurant coupons as a reward if a guest does so. Hence, we take such a way for saving energy as an index and it is denoted as ICc4.
- The Macau government organizes different activities to promote energy conservation. For example, the Macau International Environmental Cooperation Forum & Exhibition has been held every year since 2008 and the Macau Energy Conservation Week has been held every year since 2007. In addition, there are soap recycling and used clothes recycling community activities for public welfare. Surely, participation in these activities has a positive effect on energy saving. Thus, we take a hotel’s participation in these activities as an index and it is denoted as ICc5.
2.2. The Index System
2.3. Data Collection and Hotel Selection
3. Results
3.1. Green Leadership and Innovation (GLI)
3.2. Green Program and Performance (GPP)
3.3. Partner Synergy (PS)
4. Discussion
4.1. Improvements in Energy Efficiency
4.2. Future Efforts for Improvement
- It follows from the results shown in Table 3 that some hotels have not taken any actions for the efficient energy saving yet. Thus, there is great potential to improve energy efficiency in the hospitality industry in Macau. Specifically, for most of the indices, there is an apparent gap in energy and environmental protection performance between 2-star hotels and 3, 4, 5-star hotels. The implementation rates of 2-star hotels are much lower than that of the other star-level sampled hotels. Thus, much more attention should be paid to the 2-star hotels in order to significantly improve their performance regarding energy saving and environmental protection.
- In this study, we find that the vast majority of 2-star hotels are located in the old parts of the city in Macau. During our visit, the managers of 2-star hotels said that most of their guests are individual travelers who would like to live in the old parts where most of the tourist sites locate. Besides, these hotels are small with fewer employees such that the daily workload is relatively heavy. Also, they spend less money and time to develop and implement energy-saving programs and activities. However, they indicate that if there is a suitable condition, they would like to do better in energy saving. Thus, the situation may be changed if the government can provide more guidance and financial support for them.
- In this study, we find that it is very difficult to get a report of energy consumption of a hotel in Macau, i.e., no hotel in Macau presents its energy consumption data to the public. If a hotel is required to publish its report on energy consumption to the public, there will be a strong motivation for the hotel to improve its energy efficiency.
- Although the Office for the Development of the Energy Sector has been working together with several government departments to launch a pilot project on the solar photovoltaic system in Macau since 2010 [23], there was few renewable energy project for hotels in Macau. In fact, there is only one hotel that installed a wind turbine in 2012 [32] and no hotel did so after that. Hence, some incentive measures may be necessary to promote the pilot project of renewable energy sources in Macau. Some policies may be needed to encourage the development and applications of the newest technologies for energy efficiency and environmental protection continuously in the hospitality industry.
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Indices at the Upper Level | Indices at the Lower Level | Corresponding Credits in LEED | Characteristic Indices |
---|---|---|---|
Green Leadership and Innovation (GLI) | GLIc1: the implementation of energy-saving and environmental programs (environmental programs) | EAp3, EAc4 | / |
GLIc2: carbon auditing and implementation of energy management (carbon audits) | EAc7 | / | |
GLIc3: encouragement of staff’s proposals on energy conservation plan, and training of energy conservation to staff members (staff training and proposal adoption) | / | ICc1 | |
GLIc4: applications for environmental protection & energy conservation fund (EPEC fund) | / | ICc2 | |
Green Program and Performance (GPP) | GPPc1: the usage of shading devices to reduce direct sunlight (shading devices) | IEQc4 | / |
GPPc2: the installation of water-saving showerheads to reduce consumption (water-saving showerheads) | WEp1 | / | |
GPPc3: the installation of system of waste water recycling (waste water recycling) | WEc2 | / | |
GPPc4: the adoption of a green roof to increase building heat insulation (green roofs) | / | ICc3 | |
GPPc5: the usage of energy-saving lighting to reduce power consumption and the utilization rate is more than 50% (energy-saving lighting) | EAc4, MRc2 | / | |
GPPc6: the maximal use of natural light inside a hotel (natural light) | IEQc5 | / | |
GPPc7: the installation of timers or sensors of lighting in corridor or office area (timers of lighting) | EAc4 | / | |
GPPc8: adjusting air conditioning in low speed in non-occupancy rooms (air conditioning setting) | IEQc3 | / | |
GPPc9: the installation of motor efficiency controllers for escalators and elevators (green lifts) | EAc4 | / | |
Partner Synergy (PS) | PSc1: the reward to motivate guests to adopt green practices (motivating green practices) | / | ICc4 |
PSc2: mechanisms for suppliers and contractors to adopt environmental strategies (green suppliers) | MRc1, MRc2, MRc3 | / | |
PSc3: participation in local activities of energy conservation (attending green activities) | / | ICc5 |
Star Category | The Total Number | The Sampled Number | The Sampled Percentage | The Sampled Hotels |
---|---|---|---|---|
5-Star | 27 | 11 | 40.7% | MGM Macau, Sands Macau, Galaxy Macau, Altira Macau, Riviera Hotel, The Venetian Macau, Mandarin Oriental Hotel, Grand Lapa Macau, Grand Coloane Resort, Conrad Macau Cotai Central, Sheraton Grand Macau Hotel |
4-Star | 14 | 6 | 42.9% | Hotel Beverly Plaza, Grandview Hotel, Hotel Golden Dragon, Holiday Inn Macau, Pousada Marina Infante, Hotel Taipa Square |
3-Star | 13 | 6 | 46.2% | Waldo Hotel, Hotel Guia, Metropole Hotel, Grand Emperor Hotel, Hotel Sintra Macau, Emperor Hotel Macau |
2-Star | 12 | 5 | 41.7% | East Asia Hotel, Central Hotel, Holiday Hotel, Hou Kong Hotel, Hong Thai Hotel |
Upper Level Indices | Lower Level Indices | Implementation/Adoption Rate | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2-Star | 3-Star | 4-Star | 5-Star | Total | 3, 4, 5-Star | ||
GLI | GLIc1 | 20% | 83.3% | 83.3% | 81.8% | 71.4% | 82.6% |
GLIc2 | 0 | 16.7% | 33.3% | 63.6% | 35.7% | 43.5% | |
GLIc3 | 0 | 33.3% | 33.3% | 45.5% | 32.1% | 39.1% | |
GLIc4 | 60% | 83.3% | 100% | 81.8% | 82.1% | 87.0% | |
GPP | GPPc1 | 60% | 83.3% | 83.3% | 90.9% | 82.1% | 87.0% |
GPPc2 | 40% | 83.3% | 83.3% | 100% | 82.1% | 91.3% | |
GPPc3 | 0 | 33.3% | 33.3% | 45.5% | 32.1% | 39.1% | |
GPPc4 | 0 | 33.3% | 16.7% | 36.4% | 25.0% | 30.4% | |
GPPc5 | 80% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 96.4% | 100% | |
GPPc6 | 80% | 83.3% | 100% | 100% | 92.9% | 95.7% | |
GPPc7 | 20% | 50% | 83.3% | 81.8% | 64.3% | 73.9% | |
GPPc8 | 60% | 83.3% | 100% | 100% | 89.3% | 95.7% | |
GPPc9 | 0 | 50% | 50% | 54.5% | 42.9% | 52.2% | |
PS | PSc1 | 20% | 33.3% | 33.3% | 36.4% | 32.1% | 34.8% |
PSc2 | 20% | 100% | 66.7% | 36.4% | 53.6% | 60.9% | |
PSc3 | 0 | 50% | 50% | 36.4% | 35.7% | 43.5% |
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Wang, X.; Wu, N.; Qiao, Y.; Song, Q. Assessment of Energy-Saving Practices of the Hospitality Industry in Macau. Sustainability 2018, 10, 255. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010255
Wang X, Wu N, Qiao Y, Song Q. Assessment of Energy-Saving Practices of the Hospitality Industry in Macau. Sustainability. 2018; 10(1):255. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010255
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Xu, NaiQi Wu, Yan Qiao, and QingBin Song. 2018. "Assessment of Energy-Saving Practices of the Hospitality Industry in Macau" Sustainability 10, no. 1: 255. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010255