Theory-of-Change Development for the Evaluation of Forest Stewardship Council Certification of Sustained Timber Yields from Natural Forests in Indonesia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Theories-of-Change (ToCs) in Impact Evaluations
1.2. Justification for Focus on FSC and Background about This Intervention
1.3. Sustained Timber Yields (STYs) and the FSC
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Stand Management Regulation Pertaining to STY in Indonesia and How to Assess STY
3.2. Indonesian FSC’s Standard and STY-Related Indicators: Ranking and Citation Frequencies in Audit Reports
3.3. Our ToC for Assurance of STY: Assumptions, Indicators, and Data Needs
3.4. The Contrast between Our ToC, Aspirations from FSC’s Indonesian Stewardship Standard, and STY-Related Audit Data
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Principle | Indicator | # Times Major CARs Reported | % of Reported Major CARS |
---|---|---|---|
1. Forest management shall respect all national and local laws and administrative requirements. | 1.5.1 * | 4 | 5.1 |
1.5.3 | 3 | 3.8 | |
1.5.4 * | 1 | 1.3 | |
1.6.1 | |||
5. Forest management should strive toward economic viability, while taking into account the full environmental, social, and operational costs of production, and ensuring the investments necessary to maintain the ecological productivity of the forest. | 5.1.3 * | 1 | 1.3 |
5.1.4 * | 2 | 2.6 | |
5.2.2 L | |||
5.3.1 ** | 4 | 5.1 | |
5.3.2 ** | 2 | 2.6 | |
5.3.3 ** | 1 | 1.3 | |
5.3.4 ** | 3 | 3.8 | |
5.6.1 ** | 1 | 1.3 | |
5.6.2 ** | 1 | 1.3 | |
5.6.3 ** | 1 | 1.3 | |
5.6.5 ** | 1 | 1.3 | |
6. Assessment of environmental impacts shall be completed—appropriate to the scale, intensity of forest management and the uniqueness of the affected resources—and adequately integrated into management systems. Assessments shall include landscape level considerations as well as the impacts of on-site processing facilities. Environmental impacts shall be assessed prior to commencement of site-disturbing operations. | 6.3.1 ** | 2 | 2.6 |
6.3.2 ** | 1 | 1.3 | |
6.5.6 * | 3 | 3.8 | |
6.5.10 ** | 3 | 3.8 | |
7. A management plan—appropriate to the scale and intensity of the operations -shall be written, implemented, and kept up to date. The long term objectives of management, and the means of achieving them, shall be clearly stated. | 7.1.6 * | ||
7.1.7 * | 1 | 1.3 | |
7.1.8 * | |||
7.1.10 * | 1 | 1.3 | |
7.1.11 * | |||
7.1.12 L * | |||
7.1.13 * | 2 | 2.6 | |
7.1.14 * | |||
7.2.1 * | 1 | 1.3 | |
7.2.2 * | 1 | 1.3 | |
7.2.3 * | 1 | 1.3 | |
7.2.4 | |||
7.2.5 | 1 | 1.3 | |
7.3.2 * | 6 | 7.7 | |
7.3.3 * | 8 | 10.3 | |
7.3.4 * | 6 | 7.7 | |
7.3.5 | 2 | 2.6 | |
8. Monitoring shall be conducted—appropriate to the scale and intensity of forest management —to assess the condition of the forest, yields of forest products, chain of custody, management activities and their social and environmental impacts. | 8.1.2 ** | 2 | 2.6 |
8.1.3* | 1 | 1.3 | |
8.1.4 ** | |||
8.2.1 ** | 1 | 1.3 | |
8.2.2 ** | 2 | 2.6 | |
8.2.3 * | 4 | 5.1 | |
8.3.2 L ** | 3.8 | ||
8.4.1 ** | 3 | 3.9 | |
8.4.3 * |
ToC Stage | Variable | Indicators | Assumptions |
---|---|---|---|
Short-Term Outcome 1 | Logging Damage Minimized | -# trees/ha killed or damaged (by severity class), soil damage (m2/ha) due to skid trails, log landings, and roads. |
|
Short-Term Outcome 2 | Wood Waste Minimized |
|
|
Short-Term Outcome 3 | Future Crop Trees Sufficient |
|
|
Short-Term Outcome 4 | Seed Trees Sufficient |
|
|
Short-Term Outcome 5 | Fire, Illegal Logging, and Deforestation |
|
|
Long-Term Outcome 1 | Commercial Timber Volume Recovers |
|
|
Long-Term Outcome 2 | Adequate Commercial Recruitment | -# of seedlings, saplings, poles, and FCTs of commercial species per hectare after logging activities (m3/ha/year) |
|
Long-Term Outcome 3 | Forest Retained |
|
|
Impact | Sustained Timber Yields (STY) |
|
|
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Romero, C.; Putz, F.E. Theory-of-Change Development for the Evaluation of Forest Stewardship Council Certification of Sustained Timber Yields from Natural Forests in Indonesia. Forests 2018, 9, 547. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090547
Romero C, Putz FE. Theory-of-Change Development for the Evaluation of Forest Stewardship Council Certification of Sustained Timber Yields from Natural Forests in Indonesia. Forests. 2018; 9(9):547. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090547
Chicago/Turabian StyleRomero, Claudia, and Francis E. Putz. 2018. "Theory-of-Change Development for the Evaluation of Forest Stewardship Council Certification of Sustained Timber Yields from Natural Forests in Indonesia" Forests 9, no. 9: 547. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090547