Mapping Tree Density in Forests of the Southwestern USA Using Landsat 8 Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Field Data
2.3. Remote Sensing Data Acquisition and Processing
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Measured Tree Density
3.2. Model Selection and Cross-Validation
3.3. Tree Density Estimation
4. Discussion
4.1. Current Forest Conditions
4.2. Predicting Tree Density
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Vegetation Types * | AICc | R2 | Adj R2 | MS ** | Models *** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | 681.90 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 3.82 | d^ = 4.03 + 5.89 ND57 |
(n = 178) | 629.70 | 0.44 | 0.43 | 3.05 | d^ = 7.96 + 17.72 ND57 − 2.50SR1 |
623.80 | 0.46 | 0.45 | 3.04 | d^ = 7.54 + 18.60 ND57 − 3.17 SR1 + 17.64 DVI | |
ASP | 41.90 | 0.92 | 0.91 | 0.59 | d^ = 3.50 + 19.94 ND57 − 2.26 SR3 |
(n = 16) | 41.10 | 0.94 | 0.92 | 0.57 | d^ = 1.19 + 24.76 ND57 − 2.70 SR3 + 26.86 band4 |
33.40 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.36 | d^ = 21.06 + 21.16 ND57 − 1.99 SR3 + 284.01 band4 − 478.56 band2 | |
P-J | 105.30 | 0.34 | 0.32 | 1.1 | d^ = 8.63 − 22.73 band4 |
(n = 36) | 96.80 | 0.52 | 0.49 | 0.86 | d^ = 3.25 − 50.03 band4 + 84.74 band2 |
PON | 207.00 | 0.35 | 0.32 | 1.26 | d^ = 7.88 − 47.02 band7 + 66.15 band3 − 0.87 SR3 |
(n = 67) | 200.00 | 0.43 | 0.40 | 1.15 | d^ = 10.59 − 11.50 band7 + 9.50 band3 − 5.71 SR3 + 23.32 ND57 |
199.00 | 0.46 | 0.42 | 1.10 | d^ = 13.51 + 4.93 band7 − 24.93 band3 − 6.39 SR3 + 28.23 ND57 − 0.95 SR2 | |
S-F | 226.80 | 0.60 | 0.57 | 3.07 | d^ = 3.87 + 2.14 ND57 − 6.12 SR1 + 38.20 NDVI − 1.78 SR2 + 2.57 SR3 |
(n = 59) | 225.80 | 0.63 | 0.59 | 2.81 | d^ = 2.85 − 1.32 ND57 − 7.87 SR1 + 41.36 NDVI − 1.82 SR2 + 4.24 SR3 + 21.87 DVI |
223.80 | 0.66 | 0.62 | 4.42 | d^ = 6.67 − 11.46 ND57 − 8.68 SR1 + 37.32 NDVI − 1.81 SR2 + 5.58 SR3 + 55.51 DVI − 29.87 band7 |
Tree Density Class ↓ | Area (%) * | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area (ha) → | Fire 2011 (9962.46) | Fire 2013 (8402.94) | Treated (670.23) | Planned (5793.48) | Not Treated (45361.71) |
No trees | 7.59 | 16.45 | 0.26 | 0.36 | 0.43 |
Low density (1–100 trees/ha) | 62.90 | 44.54 | 45.29 | 18.35 | 16.08 |
Medium density (101–500 trees/ha) | 23.69 | 32.40 | 42.22 | 64.08 | 56.82 |
High density (501–1000 tress/ha) | 3.14 | 4.02 | 5.48 | 14.45 | 19.86 |
Very high density (>1000 trees/ha) | 2.68 | 2.59 | 6.75 | 2.77 | 6.81 |
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Humagain, K.; Portillo-Quintero, C.; Cox, R.D.; Cain, J.W., III. Mapping Tree Density in Forests of the Southwestern USA Using Landsat 8 Data. Forests 2017, 8, 287. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8080287
Humagain K, Portillo-Quintero C, Cox RD, Cain JW III. Mapping Tree Density in Forests of the Southwestern USA Using Landsat 8 Data. Forests. 2017; 8(8):287. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8080287
Chicago/Turabian StyleHumagain, Kamal, Carlos Portillo-Quintero, Robert D. Cox, and James W. Cain, III. 2017. "Mapping Tree Density in Forests of the Southwestern USA Using Landsat 8 Data" Forests 8, no. 8: 287. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8080287