Second-Log Branching in Multiaged Redwood and Douglas-Fir: Influence of Stand, Site, and Silviculture
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Models for BIX—Average Diameter of Four Largest Branches
3.2. Models for MaxB—Diameter of the Largest Branch
3.3. Branch Growth Models
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Description | Scale | Type |
---|---|---|---|
Tpha | Number of trees per hectare | P | Continuous |
SDI | Stand density index (metric; [29]) | P | Continuous |
BA | Basal area (m2·ha−1) | P | Continuous |
BAL | Basal area of trees larger (m2·ha−1) | P | Continuous |
eBAI | Redwood BAI Index (BAI above/below average) ** | P | Percentage |
Slope | Slope of plot | P | Percentage |
Aspect | Cardinal direction of the downhill plot slope | P | Range (0–20) |
Coast.d | Distance of plot from Pacific coastline (km) | P | Continuous |
Flow acum. | Flow accumulation | P | Continuous |
Trtmt * | Herbicide (H) or harvest (X) treatment | P | Categorical |
Period * | 0 = first and 1 = second 5-year period post-treatment | P | Categorical |
Species | Species of tree sampled | T | Categorical |
Dbh | Diameter at breast height (cm) | T | Continuous |
Dbh.p | Tree dbh divided by plot mean dbh | T | Percentage |
HT | Total height of tree (m) | T | Continuous |
HT.p | Tree height divided by plot mean height | T | Percentage |
HDR | Height to diameter ratio | T | Percentage |
N.dist | Distance to the most influential neighbor (m) | B | Continuous |
Condition | Living or dead condition of branch (MaxB only) | B | Categorical |
B.Azi | Azimuth of the branch (MaxB only) | B | Range (0–20) |
Model | Dbh Inventory | Dbh & Height Inventory | Informative Model | AICc-Derived | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Selection method | AIC | AIC | AIC | AICc | ||||
Intercept | 1.12200 | (14%) | 1.18900 | (13%) | 1.14000 | (25%) | 1.73100 | (16%) |
dbh (cm) | 0.00988 | (59%) | 0.01747 | (39%) | 0.02008 | (37%) | 0.00591 | (89%) |
dbh2 | −0.00008 | (65%) | −0.00014 | (45%) | −0.00017 | (41%) | −0.00008 | (59%) |
Species * | 0.12730 | (41%) | 0.11850 | (40%) | 0.33700 | (48%) | 0.06009 | (84%) |
BAL (m2·ha−1) | −0.00127 | (123%) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
BA (m2·ha−1) | - | - | −0.00046 | (252%) | −0.00106 | (176%) | - | - |
HT.p | - | - | −0.20990 | (61%) | −0.22360 | (59%) | - | - |
HDR | - | - | - | - | - | - | −0.62850 | (37%) |
Coast.d (km) | - | - | - | - | 0.00214 | (257%) | - | - |
Species × Coast.d | - | - | - | - | −0.00779 | (72%) | - | - |
AICc | −34.886 | −33.643 | −27.389 | −41.835 | ||||
AIC | −39.553 | −40.231 | −39.389 | −46.501 | ||||
Adjusted R2 | 0.5206 | 0.5466 | 0.5534 | 0.6369 |
Model | Dbh Inventory | Dbh & Height Inventory | Informative Model | AICc-Derived | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Selection method | AIC | AIC | AIC | AICc | ||||
Intercept | 1.16000 | (14%) | 1.20200 | (14%) | 1.13107 | (27%) | 1.09300 | (12%) |
dbh (cm) | 0.01277 | (49%) | 0.01946 | (39%) | 0.02516 | (33%) | 0.01364 | (44%) |
dbh2 | −0.00011 | (52%) | −0.00016 | (42%) | −0.00021 | (35%) | −0.00012 | (49%) |
Species * | 0.14680 | (38%) | 0.14270 | (36%) | 0.35479 | (48%) | 0.16820 | (28%) |
BAL (m2·ha−1) | −0.00115 | (146%) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
BA (m2·ha−1) | - | - | −0.00009 | (1479%) | −0.00029 | (741%) | - | - |
Condition ** | - | - | - | - | −0.09094 | (69%) | - | - |
HT.p | - | - | −0.18530 | (76%) | −0.20894 | (67%) | - | - |
Coast.d (km) | - | - | - | - | 0.00158 | (371%) | - | - |
Species × Coast.d | - | - | - | - | −0.00844 | (69%) | - | - |
AICc | −31.047 | −28.741 | −21.026 | −33.978 | ||||
AIC | −35.713 | −35.329 | −36.741 | −37.136 | ||||
Adjusted R2 | 0.5173 | 0.5237 | 0.5795 | 0.5295 |
BGR Model Variables | Coefficient | s.e. |
---|---|---|
Intercept | −0.34262 | (735%) |
Plot.type * | −2.84374 | (56%) |
Period | −0.36712 | (162%) |
sqrt(dbh) | 0.61700 | (49%) |
SDIm.r | 0.00129 | (262%) |
Species ** | −1.23171 | (44%) |
SDI (metric) | −0.00152 | (73%) |
PH5A (mm) | −3.29443 | (25%) |
Plot.type * × period | −1.65798 | (48%) |
Plot.type * × SDIm.r | 0.00720 | (55%) |
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Kirk, C.; Berrill, J.-P. Second-Log Branching in Multiaged Redwood and Douglas-Fir: Influence of Stand, Site, and Silviculture. Forests 2016, 7, 147. https://doi.org/10.3390/f7070147
Kirk C, Berrill J-P. Second-Log Branching in Multiaged Redwood and Douglas-Fir: Influence of Stand, Site, and Silviculture. Forests. 2016; 7(7):147. https://doi.org/10.3390/f7070147
Chicago/Turabian StyleKirk, Christopher, and John-Pascal Berrill. 2016. "Second-Log Branching in Multiaged Redwood and Douglas-Fir: Influence of Stand, Site, and Silviculture" Forests 7, no. 7: 147. https://doi.org/10.3390/f7070147