Simulating Water-Use Efficiency of Piceacrassi folia Forest under Representative Concentration Pathway Scenarios in the Qilian Mountains of Northwest China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sites
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Field-Based Estimation of Annual NPP
2.4. Calculation of Daily Transpiration
2.5. Model Description
2.6. Model Parameterization
2.7. Climate and CO2 Scenarios
2.8. Model Simulation
3. Results
3.1. Model Validation
3.2. Responses of NPP, Transpiration, and WUE to RCP Scenarios
3.3. Responses of NPP, Transpiration, and WUE to Changes in Climate and Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations
4. Discussion
4.1. Model Validation
4.2. WUE Variations under RCP Scenarios
4.3. Climate Change Versus WUE Variations
4.4. Atmospheric CO2 Concentration Changes versus WUE Variations
4.5. Climate and CO2 Concentration Changes versus WUE Variations
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Sites | a | b | R2 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Site1 | 0.962 | 0.910 | 0.902 | <0.001 |
Site2 | 1.139 | 0.849 | 0.943 | <0.001 |
Site3 | 1.119 | 0.853 | 0.896 | <0.001 |
Site4 | 0.698 | 0.937 | 0.921 | <0.001 |
Appendix B
No. | Parameter Description | Value | Unit a |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Transfer growth period as a fraction of growing season | 0.3 | DIM |
2 | Litterfall as a fraction of growing season | 0.3 | DIM |
3 | Annual leaf and fine root turnover fraction | 0.25 | year−1 |
4 | Annual live wood turnover fraction | 0.7 | year−1 |
5 | Annual whole-plant mortality fraction | 0.005 | year−1 |
6 | Annual fire mortality fraction | 0.005 | year−1 |
7 | (Allocation) new fine root C: new leaf C | 1.0 | ratio |
8 | (Allocation) new stem C: new leaf C | 2.2 | ratio |
9 | (Allocation) new live wood C: new total wood C | 0.1 | ratio |
10 | (Allocation) new root C: new stem C | 0.3 | ratio |
11 | (Allocation) current growth proportion | 0.5 | DIM |
12 | C:N of leaves | 40.2 | kg C/kg N |
13 | C:N of leaf litter, after retranslocation | 94.6 | kg C/kg N |
14 | C:N of fine roots | 43.5 | kg C/kg N |
15 | C:N of live wood | 60.0 | kg C/kg N |
16 | C:N of dead wood | 720.0 | kg C/kg N |
17 | Leaf litter labile proportion | 0.32 | DIM |
18 | Leaf litter cellulose proportion | 0.44 | DIM |
19 | Leaf litter lignin proportion | 0.24 | DIM |
20 | Fine root labile proportion | 0.3 | DIM |
21 | Fine root cellulose proportion | 0.45 | DIM |
22 | Fine root lignin proportion | 0.25 | DIM |
23 | Dead wood cellulose proportion | 0.76 | DIM |
24 | Dead wood lignin proportion | 0.24 | DIM |
25 | Canopy water interception coefficient | 0.041 | 1/LAI/d |
26 | Canopy light extinction coefficient | 0.5 | DIM |
27 | All-sided to projected leaf area ratio | 2.6 | DIM |
28 | Canopy average specific leaf area (projected area basis) | 9.3 | m2/kg C |
29 | Ratio of shaded SLA: sunlit SLA | 2.0 | DIM |
30 | Fraction of leaf N in Rubisco | 0.04 | DIM |
31 | Maximum stomatal conductance (projected area basis) | 0.003 | m/s |
32 | Cuticular conductance (projected area basis) | 0.00001 | m/s |
33 | Boundary layer conductance (projected area basis) | 0.08 | m/s |
34 | Leaf water potential: start of conductance reduction | −0.6 | M Pa |
35 | Leaf water potential: complete conductance reduction | −2.3 | M Pa |
36 | Vapor pressure deficit: start of conductance reduction | 930.0 | Pa |
37 | Vapor pressure deficit: complete conductance reduction | 4100.0 | Pa |
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Sites | Elevation (m) | Density (tree/ha) | DBH (cm) | Height (m) | T a (°C) | P b (mm) | Area c (ha) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Site1 | 2770 | 1369 | 15.4 ± 0.23 | 11.6 ± 0.16 | 0.36 ± 0.1 | 408.4 ± 8.7 | 0.25 |
Site2 | 2870 | 1340 | 12.4 ± 0.49 | 9.5 ± 0.33 | 0.10 ± 0.1 | 418.2 ± 8.9 | 0.25 |
Site3 | 3100 | 2032 | 12.0 ± 0.31 | 9.2 ± 0.20 | −0.72 ± 0.1 | 422.5 ± 9.1 | 0.25 |
Site4 | 3250 | 844 | 15.6 ± 0.55 | 9.3 ± 0.30 | −1.17 ± 0.1 | 430.9 ± 9.2 | 0.25 |
Sites | Latitude (°) | Longitude (°) | Aspect (°) | Slope (°) | Soil Texture (%) | Soil Depth (m) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sand | Silt | Clay | ||||||
Site1 | 38.443 | 99.905 | 15 | 32 | 10.3 | 37.7 | 52.0 | 0.80 |
Site2 | 38.438 | 99.913 | 9 | 24 | 15.6 | 44.5 | 39.9 | 0.85 |
Site3 | 38.427 | 99.928 | 2 | 8 | 17.2 | 39.4 | 43.4 | 0.72 |
Site4 | 38.421 | 99.926 | 22 | 27 | 15.0 | 41.8 | 43.2 | 0.64 |
RCPs | RCP2.6 | RCP4.5 | RCP6.0 | RCP8.5 | Average for Four RCPs | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sites | T (°C) | P (%) | CO2 (ppm) | T (°C) | P (%) | CO2 (ppm) | T (°C) | P (%) | CO2 (ppm) | T (°C) | P (%) | CO2 (ppm) | T (°C) | P (%) | CO2 (ppm) | |
Site1 | +1.6 | +2.0 | 437.5 | +2.6 | +2.0 | 524.3 | +2.7 | +2.8 | 549.8 | +4.0 | +5.1 | 677.1 | +2.73 | +3.0 | 547.2 | |
Site2 | +1.6 | +2.3 | 437.5 | +2.6 | +2.3 | 524.3 | +2.7 | +3 | 549.8 | +4.0 | +5.3 | 677.1 | +2.73 | +3.2 | 547.2 | |
Site3 | +1.6 | +2.4 | 437.5 | +2.6 | +2.0 | 524.3 | +2.7 | +2.7 | 549.8 | +4.0 | +5.9 | 677.1 | +2.73 | +3.2 | 547.2 | |
Site4 | +1.6 | +2.3 | 437.5 | +2.6 | +2.0 | 524.3 | +2.7 | +2.6 | 549.8 | +4.0 | +5.9 | 677.1 | +2.73 | +3.2 | 547.2 |
Climatic Scenarios a | CO2 Concentration | T | P |
---|---|---|---|
C0T0P0 | No change | No change | No change |
C0T0P1 | No change | No change | +3.1% |
C0T1P0 | No change | +2.73 °C | No change |
C0T1P1 | No change | +2.73 °C | +3.1% |
C1T0P0 | 547.2 ppm | No change | No change |
C1T0P1 | 547.2 ppm | No change | +3.1% |
C1T1P0 | 547.2 ppm | +2.73 °C | No change |
C1T1P1 | 547.2 ppm | +2.73 °C | +3.1% |
RCPs | RCP2.6 (%) | RCP4.5 (%) | RCP6.0 (%) | RCP8.5 (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sites | |||||
Site1 | 23.0 | 37.6 | 42.0 | 58.4 | |
Site2 | 24.6 | 39.6 | 44.0 | 60.8 | |
Site3 | 28.4 | 45.8 | 50.4 | 71.4 | |
Site4 | 29.2 | 46.9 | 51.5 | 72.8 |
RCPs | RCP2.6 (%) | RCP4.5 (%) | RCP6.0 (%) | RCP8.5 (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sites | |||||
Site1 | −2.5 | −6.6 | −7.0 | −9.5 | |
Site2 | −3.1 | −7.8 | −8.4 | −11.8 | |
Site3 | −2.2 | −7.0 | −7.4 | −9.8 | |
Site4 | −2.8 | −7.5 | −7.8 | −9.7 |
RCPs | RCP2.6 (%) | RCP4.5 (%) | RCP6.0 (%) | RCP8.5 (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sites | |||||
Site1 | 26.2 | 47.5 | 52.9 | 75.3 | |
Site2 | 28.7 | 51.7 | 57.4 | 82.7 | |
Site3 | 31.4 | 57.1 | 62.8 | 90.3 | |
Site4 | 33.2 | 59.3 | 64.9 | 92.1 |
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Peng, S.; Chen, Y.; Cao, Y. Simulating Water-Use Efficiency of Piceacrassi folia Forest under Representative Concentration Pathway Scenarios in the Qilian Mountains of Northwest China. Forests 2016, 7, 140. https://doi.org/10.3390/f7070140
Peng S, Chen Y, Cao Y. Simulating Water-Use Efficiency of Piceacrassi folia Forest under Representative Concentration Pathway Scenarios in the Qilian Mountains of Northwest China. Forests. 2016; 7(7):140. https://doi.org/10.3390/f7070140
Chicago/Turabian StylePeng, Shouzhang, Yunming Chen, and Yang Cao. 2016. "Simulating Water-Use Efficiency of Piceacrassi folia Forest under Representative Concentration Pathway Scenarios in the Qilian Mountains of Northwest China" Forests 7, no. 7: 140. https://doi.org/10.3390/f7070140