Heavy Metal Contamination in Soils of Remnant Natural and Plantation Forests in an Urbanized Region of the Pearl River Delta, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Sampling and Analysis
Site | Location Type | Forest Type | Grid Reference | Area (ha) | Major Tree Species |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kengmei | Industrial | Natural | 112°58′29″ E, 23°10′11″ N | 4.6 | Schefflera octophylla, Desmos chinensis, Alocasia macrorhiza |
Linyue | Industrial | Natural | 113°14′02″ E, 23°00′13″ N | 20.8 | Syzygium hancei, Symplocos lancifolia, Desmos chinensis |
Wanshi | Industrial | Natural | 113°05′09″ E, 23°10′46″ N | 6.9 | Engelhardtia roxburghiana, Aporosa dioica, Alchornea trewioides |
Yangao | Industrial | Natural | 113°00′09″ E, 23°09′14″ N | 3.0 | Syzygium hancei, Bambusa stenostachya, Ardisia hanceana |
Lunyong | Non-industrial | Natural | 112°50′47″ E, 22°52′31″ N | 9.5 | Schima superb, Indocalamus tessellates, Alpinia chinensis |
Shanbu | Non-industrial | Natural | 113°00′07″ E, 23°16′36″ N | 9.0 | Phoebe namu, Ardisia hanceana, Ixora chinensis |
Shukeng | Non-industrial | Natural | 112°43′10″ E, 22°48′15″ N | 5.9 | Machilus chinesis, Lasianthus chinensis, Indocalamus tessellates |
Yuantou | Non-industrial | Natural | 112°56′07″ E, 23°18′16″ N | 2.9 | Helicia cochinchinensis, Desmos chinensis, Ardisia hanceana |
Longtou | Industrial | Plantation | 113°06′37″ E, 23°10′02″ N | 5.6 | Cinnamomum camphora, Albizia falcataria, Delonix regia |
Sanguigang | Industrial | Plantation | 113°00′17″ E, 23°03′46″ N | 42.2 | Ficus altissima, Polyspora axillaris, Bombax malabaricum |
Sanshan | Industrial | Plantation | 113°13′36″ E, 23°02′05″ N | 32.8 | Ficus altissima, Cinnamomum camphora, Schima superba |
Shitang | Industrial | Plantation | 113°04′25″ E, 23°16′18″ N | 74.0 | Cinnamomum camphora, Castanopsis hystrix, Liquidambar formosana |
Xinjing | Industrial | Plantation | 112°59′32″ E, 23°04′35″ N | 104 | Ficus altissima, Ficus microcarpa, Bischofia javanica |
Zhanqigang | Industrial | Plantation | 113°08′45″ E, 23°09′34″ N | 83.7 | Cinnamomum camphora, Liquidambar formosana, Cinnamomum burmannii |
Xialiang | Non-industrial | Plantation | 112°49′25″ E, 22°51′45″ N | 10.7 | Cinnamomum camphora, Castanopsis hystrix, Liquidambar formosana |
Xian | Non-industrial | Plantation | 112°52′37″ E, 22°52′33″ N | 38.7 | Schima superb, Liquidambar formosana, Ficus microcarpa |
2.3. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of Soil Heavy Metal Concentrations
3.2. Comparison between Location Types and Forest Types and among Soil Depths
Parameter | Range | Median | Mean | SD | CV (%) | Background § |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Cu | 2.2–142.8 | 15.7 | 24.3 | 21.0 | 86.3 | 17.0 |
Total Zn | 25.3–999.0 | 111.9 | 202.7 | 206.6 | 101.9 | 47.3 |
Total Mn | 7.5–1452.5 | 32.2 | 102.0 | 257.2 | 252.2 | 279.0 |
Total Pb | 1.7–784.8 | 25.2 | 75.7 | 144.9 | 191.3 | 36.0 |
Total Ni | 0.7–34.4 | 7.0 | 7.8 | 4.7 | 60.0 | 14.4 |
Total Cr | 1.0–129.2 | 27.0 | 30.3 | 18.2 | 59.9 | 50.5 |
Extractable Cu | 0.2–51.6 | 3.3 | 4.6 | 5.4 | 118.6 | |
Extractable Zn | N.D.–101.8 | 2.8 | 6.4 | 10.8 | 169.1 | |
Extractable Mn | 0.1–535.0 | 1.8 | 19.7 | 69.2 | 351.4 | |
Extractable Pb | N.D.–383.0 | 5.5 | 25.0 | 63.0 | 252.3 | |
Extractable Ni | N.D.–6.4 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 165.6 | |
Extractable Cr | N.D.–1.5 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 101.5 |
Parameters | Values of F and P Statistics for the Independent Variables | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Statistic | Location type (L) | Forest Type (F) | Soil Depth (D) | L × F | L × D | F × D | L × F × D | |
df | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
Total Cu | F | 31.8 | 15.0 | 4.5 | 0.5 | 3.7 | 0.4 | 0.1 |
P | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.012 | 0.466 | 0.025 | 0.648 | 0.883 | |
Total Zn | F | 7.8 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 9.3 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
P | 0.006 | 0.250 | 0.557 | 0.003 | 0.728 | 0.918 | 0.945 | |
Total Mn | F | 14.5 | 38.6 | 0.3 | 1.9 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
P | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.707 | 0.169 | 0.513 | 0.916 | 0.952 | |
Total Pb | F | 18.9 | 4.7 | 6.7 | 10.6 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 |
P | 0.000 | 0.032 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.247 | 0.886 | 0.759 | |
Extractable Cu | F | 89.0 | 4.0 | 43.7 | 4.1 | 5.5 | 0.6 | 0.2 |
P | 0.000 | 0.048 | 0.000 | 0.043 | 0.005 | 0.532 | 0.780 | |
Extractable Zn | F | 53.4 | 5.6 | 77.4 | 3.9 | 3.0 | 1.7 | 0.4 |
P | 0.000 | 0.019 | 0.000 | 0.051 | 0.054 | 0.179 | 0.665 | |
Extractable Mn | F | 15.1 | 7.8 | 13.6 | 4.6 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.6 |
P | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.033 | 0.421 | 0.897 | 0.538 | |
Extractable Pb | F | 26.9 | 6.5 | 19.4 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 0.5 |
P | 0.000 | 0.012 | 0.000 | 0.669 | 0.273 | 0.420 | 0.629 |
Soil Depth (cm) | Forest Type | Location Type | n | Cu | Zn | Mn | Pb | Ni | Cr |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Concentration (mg/kg) | |||||||||
0–3 | Natural | Non-industrial | 16 | 22.0 | 334.1 | 47.9 | 28.1 | 10.3 | 27.5 |
Plantation | Non-industrial | 8 | 10.2 | 121.9 | 15.9 | 34.1 | 12.9 | 79.8 | |
3–13 | Natural | Non-industrial | 16 | 18.3 | 331.3 | 50.8 | 21.8 | 9.0 | 23.4 |
Plantation | Non-industrial | 8 | 10.1 | 124.8 | 13.9 | 25.0 | 12.2 | 53.3 | |
13–23 | Natural | Non-industrial | 16 | 17.7 | 344.4 | 62.5 | 25.8 | 10.2 | 26.5 |
Plantation | Non-industrial | 8 | 9.3 | 159.8 | 16.9 | 28.5 | 10.1 | 52.9 | |
Background § | 167 | 17.0 | 47.3 | 279.0 | 36.0 | 14.4 | 50.5 | ||
Extractable Concentration (mg/kg) | |||||||||
0–3 | Natural | Non-industrial | 16 | 2.4 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 6.5 | 1.1 | 0.3 |
Plantation | Non-industrial | 8 | 3.3 | 7.7 | 2.8 | 9.1 | 0.5 | 0.2 | |
3–13 | Natural | Non-industrial | 16 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 4.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
Plantation | Non-industrial | 8 | 2.4 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
13–23 | Natural | Non-industrial | 16 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 0.1 | 0.3 |
Plantation | Non-industrial | 8 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 2.7 | 0.1 | 0.2 |
Soil Depth | Forest Type | Location Type | n | Cu | Zn | Mn | Pb | Ni | Cr |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–3 cm | Natural | Non-industrial | 16 | 25.1 | 2.4 | 9.8 | 31.7 | 10.8 | 1.0 |
Plantation | Non-industrial | 8 | 40.0 | 6.1 | 18.1 | 29.0 | 4.4 | 0.3 | |
Natural | Non-industrial | 16 | 17.0 | 1.1 | 4.1 | 25.1 | 2.5 | 1.5 | |
Plantation | Non-industrial | 8 | 23.3 | 1.8 | 7.7 | 12.6 | 1.8 | 0.4 | |
Natural | Non-industrial | 16 | 20.7 | 0.9 | 4.2 | 23.6 | 6.4 | 1.3 | |
Plantation | Non-industrial | 8 | 22.3 | 1.3 | 5.7 | 12.9 | 1.2 | 0.6 |
3.3. Correlations and PCA Analysis
Total Cu | Total Zn | Total Mn | Total Pb | Total Ni | Total Cr | Ex. Cu | Ex. Zn | Ex. Mn | Ex. Pb | Ex. Ni | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Zn | 0.28 | ||||||||||
Total Mn | 0.33 | 0.18 | |||||||||
Total Pb | 0.26 | −0.20 | 0.16 | ||||||||
Total Ni | 0.08 | 0.23 | −0.04 | 0.05 | |||||||
Total Cr | −0.11 | 0.10 | −0.39 | 0.04 | 0.71 | ||||||
Ex. Cu | 0.32 | −0.25 | 0.01 | 0.36 | −0.28 | −0.06 | |||||
Ex. Zn | 0.39 | −0.04 | 0.13 | 0.39 | −0.09 | −0.07 | 0.59 | ||||
Ex. Mn | 0.22 | −0.19 | 0.47 | 0.49 | −0.09 | −0.16 | 0.50 | 0.61 | |||
Ex. Pb | 0.36 | −0.08 | 0.37 | 0.64 | −0.05 | −0.15 | 0.50 | 0.69 | 0.71 | ||
Ex. Ni | 0.35 | 0.21 | 0.26 | 0.09 | 0.06 | −0.02 | 0.32 | 0.55 | 0.35 | 0.30 | |
Ex. Cr | 0.31 | 0.47 | −0.06 | −0.27 | 0.21 | 0.06 | −0.23 | 0.08 | −0.36 | −0.22 | 0.37 |
4. Discussion
4.1. Potential Risks of Heavy Metals in the Soils at Industrial and non-Industrial Locations
4.2. Comparisons between Forest Types and among Soil Depths
4.3. Implications for Soil Management
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hou, E.; Xiang, H.; Li, J.; Li, J.; Wen, D. Heavy Metal Contamination in Soils of Remnant Natural and Plantation Forests in an Urbanized Region of the Pearl River Delta, China. Forests 2014, 5, 885-900. https://doi.org/10.3390/f5050885
Hou E, Xiang H, Li J, Li J, Wen D. Heavy Metal Contamination in Soils of Remnant Natural and Plantation Forests in an Urbanized Region of the Pearl River Delta, China. Forests. 2014; 5(5):885-900. https://doi.org/10.3390/f5050885
Chicago/Turabian StyleHou, Enqing, Huimin Xiang, Jianli Li, Jiong Li, and Dazhi Wen. 2014. "Heavy Metal Contamination in Soils of Remnant Natural and Plantation Forests in an Urbanized Region of the Pearl River Delta, China" Forests 5, no. 5: 885-900. https://doi.org/10.3390/f5050885