Forest Typification to Characterize the Structure and Composition of Old-growth Evergreen Forests on Chiloe Island, North Patagonia (Chile)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Study Area
Species | Family | Abrev. | Shade tolerance | Position in vertical profile of old-growth forests |
---|---|---|---|---|
Embothrium coccineum J.R. et. G. Forster.* | Proteaceae | Ec | Intolerant1 | § |
Nothofagus nitida (Phil) Krasser. | Fagaceae | Nn | Intolerant2 | Emergent |
Semi-tolerant1 | ||||
Tepualia stipularis (Hook et. Arn.) Griseb.* | Myrtaceae | Ts | Intolerant2 | Understory |
Weinmannia trichosperma Cav. | Cunoniaceae | Wt | Intolerant1 | Emergent |
Amomyrtus luma (Mol.) Legr. et. Kausel. | Myrtaceae | Al | Tolerant1 | Lower canopy |
Laureliopsis philippiana Looser. | Monimiaceae | Lp | Tolerant1 | Canopy |
Lomatia ferruginea (Cav.) R. Br.* | Proteaceae | Lf | Tolerant1 | Understory |
Luma apiculata (D.C.) Burret.* | Myrtaceae | La | Tolerant1 | Understory |
Podocarpus nubigena Lindl.* | Podocarpaceae | Pn | Tolerant1 | Canopy |
Saxegothaea conspicua Lindl. | Podocarpaceae | Sc | Tolerant1 | Canopy |
Caldcluvia panniculata (Cav.) D. Don.* | Cunoniaceae | Cp | Semi-tolerant1 | Understory |
Drimys winteri J.R. et. G. Forster. | Winteraceae | Dw | Semi-tolerant1 | Canopy |
2.2. Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Similarity between Evergreen Forests of the Region
3.2. Definition of Groups in Old-Growth Forests
Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 16 | n = 12 | n = 9 | n = 9 | |
Density (trees per ha) | Mean (Sd) | Mean (Sd) | Mean (Sd) | Mean (Sd) |
Drimys winteri | 104 (±62.3) | 133 (±85.5) | 214 (±105.5) | 106 (±56.8) |
Amomyrtus luma | 313 (±148.6) | 295 (±165.9) | 207 (±150.4) | 190 (±185.1) |
Laureliopsis philippiana | 218 (±121.4) | 170 (±103.6) | 62 (±58.5) | 43 (±65.8) |
Nothofagus nitida | 5 (±12.1) | 27 (±21.0) | 60 (±77.3) | 44 (±31.3) |
Saxegothaea conspicua | - | 7 (±20.2) | 3 (±7.1) | 141 (±94.7) |
Weinmannia trichosperma | 4 (±8.9) | 1 (±2.9) | 64 (±59.8) | 63 (±65.4) |
Other species* | 71 (±106.9) | 89 (±73.5) | 149 (±117.1) | 58 (±52.6) |
Total | 715a (±208.4) | 722a (±195.4) | 760a (±251.3) | 646a (±183.0) |
Basal area (m² per ha) | Mean (Sd) | Mean (Sd) | Mean (Sd) | Mean (Sd) |
Drimys winteri | 12.9 (±8.7) | 10.7 (±6.6) | 15.9 (±8.0) | 9.6 (±8.7) |
Amomyrtus luma | 10.6 (±6.3) | 8.1 (±3.4) | 6.6 (±4.3) | 2.9 (±3.5) |
Laureliopsis philippiana | 25.1 (±17.3) | 13.5 (±8.4) | 6.4 (±9.2) | 2.6 (±5.6) |
Nothofagus nitida | 1.1 (±4.2) | 12.7 (±10.8) | 9.1 (±12.6) | 12.7 (±8.5) |
Saxegothaea conspicua | - | 1.6 (±4.1) | 0.9 (±2.6) | 32.3 (±15.2) |
Weinmannia trichosperma | 2.1 (±4.0) | 0.5 (±2.0) | 18.0 (±13.9) | 16.7 (±13.7) |
Other species* | 1.7 (±2.6) | 2.1 (±1.3) | 3.5 (±3.2) | 1.3 (±1.3) |
Total | 53.8a (±16.6) | 49.6a (±10.3) | 60.8ab (±13.4) | 78.3b (±13.1) |
Quadratic mean diameter (cm) | Mean (Sd) | Mean (Sd) | Mean (Sd) | Mean (Sd) |
Drimys winteri | 38.9 (±10.7) | 33.6 (±13.9) | 31.5 (±8.9) | 36.3 (±17.2) |
Amomyrtus luma | 20.8 (±4.6) | 19.3 (±3.1) | 21.2 (±6.0) | 14.4 (±4.3) |
Laureliopsis philippiana | 38.2 (±8.6) | 35.6 (±13.7) | 33.2 (±10.4) | 21.6 (±7.7) |
Nothofagus nitida | 47.6 (±37.3) | 83.3 (±27.9) | 49.7 (±29.9) | 60.4 (±15.6) |
Saxegothaea conspicua | - | 72.7 (±34.4) | 51.4 (±27.4) | 64.3 (±29.7) |
Weinmannia trichosperma | 83.8 (±20.9) | 94.0 (-) | 72.5 (±25.8) | 61.1 (±13.3) |
Other species* | 17.2 (±4.0) | 20.7 (±12.8) | 18.8 (±6.1) | 17.8 (±5.6) |
Total | 31.3a (±5.2) | 30.1a (±4.0) | 32.7ab (±4.9) | 39.9b (±5.1) |
3.3. Structure and Composition of Forest Groups
4. Discussion
4.1. Valdivian or North-Patagonian Forests?
4.2. Forest Groups in the Evergreen Forests of Southern Chiloé
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species name | Family |
---|---|
Aextoxicon punctatum R. Et Pav. | Aextoxicaceae |
Amomyrtus luma (Mol.) Legr. et. Kausel. | Myrtaceae |
Amomyrtus meli(Phil) Legr. et Kausel | Myrtaceae |
Aristotelia chilensis (Mol) Stuntz | Elaeocarpaceae |
Caldcluvia panniculata (Cav.) D. Don. | Cunoniaceae |
Dassiphylum diacanthoides (Less.) Cabrera | Asteraceae |
Drimys winteri J.R. et. G. Forster. | Winteraceae |
Embothrium coccineum J.R. et.G. Forster. | Proteaceae |
Eucryphia cordifoliaCav. | Eucryphiaceae |
Gevuina avellanaMol. | Proteaceae |
Laureliopsis philippiana Looser. | Monimiaceae |
Lomatia ferruginea (Cav.) R. Br. | Proteaceae |
Luma apiculata (D.C.) Burret. | Myrtaceae |
Myrceugenia chrysocarpa (O. Berg) Kausel | Myrtaceae |
Myrceugenia ovata(Hooker et Arntt) Berg | Myrtaceae |
Myrceugenia parviflora (DC) Kausel. | Myrtaceae |
Myrceugenia planipes(H et A.) Berg | Myrtaceae |
Nothofagus dombeyi(Mirb.) Oerst. | Fagaceae |
Nothofagus nitida (Phil) Krasser. | Fagaceae |
Ovidia pillo pillo (C.Gray) Hohen. ex. C.F.W.Meissn. | Thymelaeaceae |
Podocarpus nubigena Lindl. | Podocarpaceae |
Raphithamnus spinosus(Juss.) Moldenke | Verbenaceae |
Saxegothaea conspicua Lindl. | Podocarpaceae |
Sophora microphylla Aiton | Papilionaceae |
Tepualia stipularis (Hook et. Arn.) Grises. | Myrtaceae |
Weinmannia trichosperma Cav. | Cunoniaceae |
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Bannister, J.R.; Donoso, P.J. Forest Typification to Characterize the Structure and Composition of Old-growth Evergreen Forests on Chiloe Island, North Patagonia (Chile). Forests 2013, 4, 1087-1105. https://doi.org/10.3390/f4041087
Bannister JR, Donoso PJ. Forest Typification to Characterize the Structure and Composition of Old-growth Evergreen Forests on Chiloe Island, North Patagonia (Chile). Forests. 2013; 4(4):1087-1105. https://doi.org/10.3390/f4041087
Chicago/Turabian StyleBannister, Jan R., and Pablo J. Donoso. 2013. "Forest Typification to Characterize the Structure and Composition of Old-growth Evergreen Forests on Chiloe Island, North Patagonia (Chile)" Forests 4, no. 4: 1087-1105. https://doi.org/10.3390/f4041087