Biodegradable Materials for Bone Repair and Tissue Engineering Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Biodegradable Materials
Material Type | Compressive Strength (MPa) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Young’s Modulus (GPA) | Elongation (%) | Degradation Time (Months) | Loss of Total Strength (Months) | Applications for Bone Repair and Regeneration |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. Bone | |||||||
* Human cortical | 131–224 | 35–283 | 17–20 | 1.07–2.10 | NBR | none | Autograft and allograft used for defect filling, alveolar ridge augmentation, sinus |
* Human cancellous | 5–10 | 1.5–38 | 0.05–0.1 | 0.5–3 | NBR | 0.5–1 | augmentation, dental ridge preservation [51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60] |
B. Degradable | |||||||
* Collagen | 0.5–1 | 50–150 | 0.002–5 | 3 | 2–4 | 1–4 | Carriers (sponges) for BMP [61,62,63], composite with HA [64], membranes for GBR [65,66], scaffolds [67] |
* Chitosan | 1.7–3.4 | 35–75 | 2–18 | 1–2 | 4–6 | <3 | Scaffolds, microgranules, composite materials, VBA, membranes, xerogels [68,69,70,71,72] |
* PGA | 340–920 | 55–80 | 5–7 | 15–20 | 3–4 | 1 | Internal fixation, graft material, scaffold, composite [73,74,75] |
* PLLA | 80–500 | 45–70 | 2.7 | 5–10 | >24 | 3 | Carrier for BMP, scaffolds, composite with HA [76,77,78,79,80,81,82] |
* D,L(PLA) | 15–25 | 90–103 | 1.9 | 3–10 | 12–16 | 4 | Fracture fixation, interference screws [83,84,85] |
* L(PLA) | 20–30 | 100–150 | 2.7 | 5–10 | >24 | 3 | Fracture fixation, Interference screws, scaffolds, bone graft material [74,77,86,87,88,89] |
* PLGA | 40–55 | 55–80 | 1.4–2.8 | 3–10 | 1–12 | 1 | Interference screws, microspheres and carriers for BMP, scaffolds, composite [90,91,92,93] |
* PCL | 20–40 | 10–35 | 0.4–0.6 | 300–500 | >24 | >6 | Scaffolds and composites with HA fillers [94,95,96,97,98,99] |
* Hydroxyapatite | 500–1000 | 40–200 | 80–110 | 0.5–1 | >24 | >12 | Scaffolds, composites, bone fillers (granules and blocks), pastes, vertebroplasty, drug delivery, coatings [100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111] |
* TCP | 154 | 25–80 | 60–75 | 1–2 | >24 | 1–6 | Bone fillers, injectable pastes, cements [112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122] |
* Brushite | 35–60 | 15–25 | 40–55 | 2–3 | >24 | 1–6 | Drug delivery, restoration of metaphyseal defects, ligament anchor, reinforcement of |
* Monetite | 15–25 | 10–15 | 22–35 | 3–4 | 3–6 | 1–3 | Osteosynthesis screws, ridge preservation, vertical bone augmentation, defect filling, vertebroplasty [123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143] |
* Magnesium | 65–1000 | 135–285 | 41–45 | 2–10 | 0.25 | <1 | Implants, osteosynthesis devices, plates, screws, ligatures, and wires [122,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158] |
C. Non-Degradable | |||||||
* Titanium alloy | 900 | 900–1000 | 110–127 | 10–15 | No | None | Implants, plates, screws, BMP carriers, orthognathic surgery, mid-facial fracture treatment [159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166] |
* Stainless Steel | 500–1000 | 460–1700 | 180–205 | 10–40 | No | None | Implants, plates, mini–plates, screws [167,168,169,170] |
* Bioglass | 40–60 | 120–250 | 35 | 0–1 | No | None | Bone defect fillers [171,172,173,174,175,176,177] |
2.1. Polymers
2.1.1. Natural Biodegradable Polymers
Collagen
Chitosan
2.1.2. Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers
Poly (Glycolic Acid)
Poly (Lactic Acid)
Poly (Lactide-co-glycolide)
Poly (ε-Caprolactone)
Benzyl Ester of Hyaluronic Acid
Poly-para-dioxanone
2.1.3. Polymer Based Composites
2.2. Bioceramics
2.2.1. Tricalcium Phosphate
2.2.2. Hydroxyapatite
2.2.3. Dicalcium Phosphates
2.3. Magnesium Based Biodegradable Materials and Alloys
3. Biocompatibility of Implantable Materials and Their Degradation Products
4. Biodegradation of Implanted Materials and Bone Tissue Formation
5. Importance of Physical Properties and Geometrical Considerations of Biodegradable Scaffolds Used for Bone Tissue Engineering
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sheikh, Z.; Najeeb, S.; Khurshid, Z.; Verma, V.; Rashid, H.; Glogauer, M. Biodegradable Materials for Bone Repair and Tissue Engineering Applications. Materials 2015, 8, 5744-5794. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8095273
Sheikh Z, Najeeb S, Khurshid Z, Verma V, Rashid H, Glogauer M. Biodegradable Materials for Bone Repair and Tissue Engineering Applications. Materials. 2015; 8(9):5744-5794. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8095273
Chicago/Turabian StyleSheikh, Zeeshan, Shariq Najeeb, Zohaib Khurshid, Vivek Verma, Haroon Rashid, and Michael Glogauer. 2015. "Biodegradable Materials for Bone Repair and Tissue Engineering Applications" Materials 8, no. 9: 5744-5794. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8095273