Experimental Investigation on the Effects of Mineral Water Composition on the Leaching of Cement-Based Materials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Mortar Samples Preparation
2.2. Water Compositions
2.3. Leaching Protocol
2.4. Macroscopic Measurments
2.5. Microscopic Test and Imaging
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Visual Observation of the Degraded Mortar Samples
3.1.1. 3D Microscope Results
3.1.2. X-ray Microtomography Results
3.2. Evolution of Monitoring Parameters
3.3. Analysis and Correlation between Macroscopic Indicators
4. Conclusions and Perspectives
- Mineral water-induced leaching strongly differs from demineralised water-induced leaching, as confirmed by visual analysis, a 3D microscope, and X-ray microtomography analysis. Even though demineralised water-exposed mortars are more degraded than mineral water-exposed samples, the surface roughness of mineralised water-leached mortar samples was at least three times higher compared to lime-water-exposed reference samples. The roughness of leached specimens was 18% higher in hard water than in soft water. The degradation depth of soft and hard water-exposed specimens was 2.7 mm and 1.6 mm, respectively, after 300 days of the accelerated leaching test.
- The macroscopic indicators showed the strong influence that the nature of the water has on the type of degradation. The mass loss at 200 days was −2.16% for samples in demineralised water, −2.01% for samples in soft water, and −1.73% for samples in hard water.
- It was also observed that different mineral waters did not induce the same chemical mechanisms. Dissolution and precipitation reached a plateau after a few weeks in hard water, whereas soft water induced a constant rate of dissolution and precipitation. The cumulated calcium hardness variation in hard water was 69% lower than in soft water.
- Calcite formation at the surface of cementitious materials acts as a calcium ion pump, triggering ion propagation from the cementitious matrix towards the external layer of samples exposed to water. This phenomenon slows down when enough calcite is created to clog the open porosity of the mortar sample, reducing exchanges between the environment and the pore solution.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chemical Composition (wt. %) | Phase Composition (wt. %) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | 20.11 | Na2O | 0.21 | C3S | 76.6 |
Al2O3 | 2.63 | P2O5 | 0.09 | C2S | 10.9 |
Fe2O3 | 4.40 | SrO | 0.03 | C3A | 0 |
TiO | 0.15 | S2− | <0.02 | C4AF | 12.5 |
MnO | 0.07 | SO3 | 2.34 | Anhydrite | 3.7 |
CaO | 64.15 | Na2O total eq. | 0.52 | Calcite | 8.1 |
MgO | 1.02 | Ignition loss | 3.95 | Portlandite | 2.1 |
K2O | 0.47 | MgO | 0.9 |
LSI+0.5 | LSI−1.0 | UW | |
---|---|---|---|
Calcium (mg/L) | 220 | 13 | <0.4 |
Carbonates (mg/L) | <3 | <3 | <3 |
Potassium (mg/L) | 2.2 | 6.3 | <0.2 |
Magnesium (mg/L) | 39 | 8.1 | <0.2 |
Sodium (mg/L) | 4.6 | 4.6 | <0.4 |
Sulphates (mg/L) | 385 | 8.95 | <5 |
Chlorides (mg/L) | 7.97 | 16.3 | <1.0 |
Aluminium (mg/L) | <2 | <2 | 3.0 |
Nitrates (mg/L) | 3.8 | 7.9 | <0.5 |
pH | 7.8 | 7.5 | 6.2 |
LSI | 0.5 | −1.0 | / |
Name | Water | Renewal Criteria |
---|---|---|
LSI+0.5-1 | Hard water | Langelier saturation index between −0.7 and 0.5 |
LSI−1.01 | Soft water | Langelier saturation index between −1.7 and −0.7 |
UW | Demineralised water | Langelier saturation index lower than −1.7 |
LSI+0.5-2 | Hard water | Weekly |
LSI−1.0-2 | Soft water | Weekly |
Name | Ra (µm) | Rzijs (µm) |
---|---|---|
UW-1 | 12.9 ± 1.5 | 34.2 ± 5.5 |
LSI+0.5-2 | 10.5 ± 1.5 | 28.3 ± 5.5 |
LSI−1.0-2 | 8.9 ± 0.9 | 24.0 ± 2.8 |
Ref | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 8.0 ± 2.3 |
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Pouyanne, A.; Boudache, S.; Hilloulin, B.; Loukili, A.; Roziere, E. Experimental Investigation on the Effects of Mineral Water Composition on the Leaching of Cement-Based Materials. Materials 2024, 17, 1548. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17071548
Pouyanne A, Boudache S, Hilloulin B, Loukili A, Roziere E. Experimental Investigation on the Effects of Mineral Water Composition on the Leaching of Cement-Based Materials. Materials. 2024; 17(7):1548. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17071548
Chicago/Turabian StylePouyanne, Alienor, Sonia Boudache, Benoît Hilloulin, Ahmed Loukili, and Emmanuel Roziere. 2024. "Experimental Investigation on the Effects of Mineral Water Composition on the Leaching of Cement-Based Materials" Materials 17, no. 7: 1548. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17071548