Investigation of Phenolic Resin-Modified Asphalt and Its Mixtures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Preparation
2.1. Asphalt
2.2. PF
2.3. Aggregates
2.4. Preparation of PF-Modified Asphalt
3. Mixture Design and Test Method
3.1. Design and Preparation of PF-Modified Asphalt Mixtures
3.1.1. Design of Aggregate Gradation
3.1.2. Determination of Mixing and Compaction Temperature
3.1.3. Determination of the Optimal Asphalt–Aggregate Ratio and Volumetric Parameters
3.2. Test Method
3.2.1. Mechanical Properties of Asphalt Binders
3.2.2. Mechanical Properties of Asphalt Mixture
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Empirical Indicator Testing
4.2. Rotational Viscosity Testing
4.3. Temperature Sweep Testing
4.4. MSCR Testing
4.5. Analysis of Low-Temperature Rheological Properties
4.6. PG Grading
4.6.1. High-Temperature Classification
4.6.2. Low-Temperature Classification
4.7. Aging Property
4.8. Marshall Testing
4.9. Water Stability Analysis
4.9.1. Immersion Marshall Testing
4.9.2. Freeze–Thaw Splitting Testing
4.10. FM Analysis
4.11. FT-IR Analysis
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Adjusting PF content modulates the conventional physical properties of asphalt. Increased PF content decreases penetration and ductility while raising the softening point and viscosity. PF-modified asphalts with 2% and 3% PF showcased the most notable modification effects.
- (2)
- PF contributes to delaying the transition of asphalt from an elastic state to a viscous state, with 3% PF raising the destruction temperature of the base asphalt by 5.6 °C. Owing to PF’s exceptional mechanical properties, it greatly enhances the shear and tensile resistance of the base asphalt.
- (3)
- The elevation of the high-temperature performance grade (PG) from 70 °C for the base asphalt to 76 °C for PF-modified asphalt highlights the potential of PF to extend the operational range of asphalt under high-temperature conditions.
- (4)
- PF does not significantly enhance the low-temperature crack resistance of asphalt binders.
- (5)
- The high viscosity and adhesive properties of PF-modified asphalt reduce porosity within the mixture, enhancing adhesion between different components and improving resistance to high-temperature deformation as well as stripping in the mixture.
- (6)
- The uniform dispersion of PF particles without aggregation contributes to limiting the asphalt flow at high temperatures and inhibiting oxygen penetration.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Index | Test Result | Specification Requirements | Test Method |
---|---|---|---|
Penetration (100 g 5 s 25 °C) (0.1 mm) | 67.2 | 60–80 | ASTM D5 [35] |
Ductility (5 cm/min 15 °C) (cm) | 150 | >100 | ASTM D113 [36] |
Softening point (°C) | 47.3 | >46 | ASTM D36 [37] |
Kinematic viscosity (60 °C) (Pa·S) | 110 | ---- | ASTM D4402 [38] |
Technical Index | Unit | Test Result |
---|---|---|
Specific surface area | m2/g | 140 |
Fineness | mesh | >200 |
Moisture content | % | <4.0 |
Flow length | mm | 25~40 |
Melting point | °C | 85~92 |
Free phenol content | % | 3.0~4.0 |
Technical Index | Unit | Test Result | Specification Requirements | Test Method |
---|---|---|---|---|
Los Angeles abrasion loss | % | 16.7 | ≤30 | ASTM C131 [39] |
Crushing value | % | 20.5 | ≤28 | ASTM D5821 [40] |
Soundness | % | 3.72 | ≤12 | ASTM C88 [41] |
Soft stone content | % | 1.33 | ≤3.0 | - |
Needle and flake content | % | 10.13 | ≤15 | ASTM D4792 [42] |
Particle size > 9.5 mm | % | 9.54 | ≤12 | ASTM C136 [43] |
Particle size < 9.5 mm | % | 12.66 | ≤18 | ASTM C136 [43] |
Technical Index | Unit | Test Result | Specification Requirements | Test Method |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mud content (<0.075 mm) | % | 2.37 | ≤3 | ASTM D1140 [44] |
Apparent specific gravity | - | 2.64 | ≥2.50 | ASTM C128 [45] |
Sand equivalent | % | 77.81 | ≥30 | ASTM D2419 [46] |
Soundness | % | 4.82 | ≤12 | ASTM C88 |
Technical Index | Unit | 10–20 Gears | 5–10 Gears | Aggregate Chips |
---|---|---|---|---|
Apparent density | t/m3 | 2.71 | 2.786 | 2.635 |
Water content | % | 0.32 | 0.69 | 0.48 |
Gross volume relative density | t/m3 | 2.69 | 2.734 | 2.602 |
Index | 70# | 2% PF | 3% PF | Specification |
---|---|---|---|---|
OAC/% | 4.77 | 5.03 | 4.97 | ---- |
γf | 2.14 | 2.38 | 2.38 | ---- |
VV/% | 5.52 | 5.22 | 4.78 | 4~6 |
MS/kN | 8.28 | 11.35 | 12.26 | ≥8 |
FL/mm | 3.78 | 3.65 | 3.48 | 1.5~4 |
VMA/% | 17.32 | 15.79 | 15.32 | ≥14 |
VFA/% | 66.32 | 67.35 | 68.28 | 65~75 |
Asphalt Type | Critical Temperature/°C |
---|---|
70# | 69.5 |
2% PF | 74.2 |
3% PF | 75.1 |
Asphalt State | Test Method | PG Grading Basis |
---|---|---|
Not aged | DSR | G*/sinδ ≥ 1.0 kPa |
Short term aging | DSR | G*/sinδ ≥ 2.2 kPa |
Asphalt Type | Temperature/°C | G*/sinδ/kPa | Asphalt State | PG | High Temperature PG Level/°C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
70# | 64 | 2.92 | Before aging | 70 | 70 |
70 | 1.31 | ||||
70 | 2.89 | After aging | 76 | ||
76 | 1.20 | ||||
2% PF | 70 | 2.10 | Before aging | 76 | 76 |
76 | 1.15 | ||||
70 | 1.81 | After aging | 76 | ||
76 | 3.85 | ||||
3% PF | 70 | 2.08 | Before aging | 76 | 76 |
76 | 1.09 | ||||
76 | 1.59 | After aging | 76 | ||
82 | 0.75 |
Asphalt State | Test Method | PG Grading Basis |
---|---|---|
After long-term aging | BBR | S ≤ 300 MPa, m ≥ 0.3 |
Asphalt Type | S-Value Critical Temperature/°C | m-Value Critical Temperature/°C | Low Temperature PG Level/°C | Low Temperature PG Continuous Grading/°C |
---|---|---|---|---|
70# | −25.3 | −22.5 | −22 | −22.5 |
2% PF | −25.3 | −22.6 | −22 | −22.6 |
3% PF | −24.6 | −22.5 | −22 | −22.5 |
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Wang, L.; Wang, L.; Huang, J.; Wu, M.; Yan, K.; Zhang, Z. Investigation of Phenolic Resin-Modified Asphalt and Its Mixtures. Materials 2024, 17, 436. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17020436
Wang L, Wang L, Huang J, Wu M, Yan K, Zhang Z. Investigation of Phenolic Resin-Modified Asphalt and Its Mixtures. Materials. 2024; 17(2):436. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17020436
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Lieguang, Lei Wang, Junxian Huang, Mingfei Wu, Kezhen Yan, and Zirui Zhang. 2024. "Investigation of Phenolic Resin-Modified Asphalt and Its Mixtures" Materials 17, no. 2: 436. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17020436