Predicting the Rheological Properties of Super-Plasticized Concrete Using Modeling Techniques
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Data Description
2.1. Predictive Modelling Approaches
2.1.1. Artificial Neural Network (NN)
2.1.2. Random Forest (R-F)
3. K-Fold Cross Validation (C-V)
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Yield Stress Output from NN’s Model
4.2. Yield Stress Output from R-F Model
4.3. Plastic Viscosity Outcome from NN’s Model
4.4. Plastic Viscosity Outcome from R-F Model
5. Result of K-Fold Cross Validation (C-V)
6. Sensitivity Analysis (S-A) Outcome
7. Discussion
8. Conclusions
- The ML algorithms can be successfully employed to anticipate the rheological properties of fresh concrete.
- R-F approach was efficient in predicting both PV and YS of the fresh concrete.
- The proposed model achieved high predictive precision as indicated by the higher coefficient of determination (R2) value, equal to 0.92 for PV and 0.96 for the YS of the fresh concrete.
- High predictive accuracy for the R-F model was also confirmed from the statistical checks. The lower values of MAE and RMSE and the high value of R2 provided the aforementioned confirmation.
- The input parameter with the highest influence was noted as cement, which contributed 32.74% towards the prediction of rheological parameters of concrete.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Alberti, M.G.; Enfedaque, A.; Gálvez, J.C. Comparison between polyolefin fibre reinforced vibrated conventional concrete and self-compacting concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2015, 85, 182–194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, H.; Liu, L.; Yang, W.; Liu, H.; Ahmad, W.; Ahmad, A.; Aslam, F.; Joyklad, P. A comprehensive overview of geopolymer composites: A bibliometric analysis and literature review. Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 2022, 16, e00830. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cao, M.; Khan, M. Effectiveness of multiscale hybrid fiber reinforced cementitious composites under single degree of freedom hydraulic shaking table. Struct. Concr. 2021, 22, 535–549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khalaf, F.M.; DeVenny, A.S. Recycling of demolished masonry rubble as coarse aggregate in concrete. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 2004, 16, 331–340. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, D.; Zhao, J.; Ahmad, W.; Amin, M.N.; Aslam, F.; Khan, K.; Ahmad, A. Potential use of waste eggshells in cement-based materials: A bibliographic analysis and review of the material properties. Constr. Build. Mater. 2022, 344, 128143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khan, K.; Ahmad, W.; Amin, M.N.; Nazar, S. Nano-silica-modified concrete: A bibliographic analysis and comprehensive review of material properties. Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 1989. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kwon, S.H.; Jang, K.P.; Kim, J.H.; Shah, S.P. Materials, State of the art on prediction of concrete pumping. Int. J. Concr. Struct. 2016, 10, 75–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kim, J.S.; Kwon, S.H.; Jang, K.P.; Choi, M.S. Concrete pumping prediction considering different measurement of the rheological properties. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 171, 493–503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khan, U.A.; Jahanzaib, H.M.; Khan, M.; Ali, M. Improving the Tensile Energy Absorption of High Strength Natural Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Fly-Ash for Bridge Girders; Trans Tech Publications: Zurich, Switzerland, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Pekmezci, B.Y.; Voigt, T.; Wang, K.; Shah, S. Low compaction energy concrete for improved slipform casting of concrete pavements. ACI Mater. J. 2007, 104, 251. [Google Scholar]
- Khan, M.; Cao, M.; Ai, H.; Hussain, A. Basalt fibers in modified whisker reinforced cementitious composites. Period. Polytech. Civ. Eng. 2022, 66, 344–354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, N.; Yan, C.; Li, L.; Khan, M. Assessment of fiber factor for the fracture toughness of polyethylene fiber reinforced geopolymer. Constr. Build. Mater. 2022, 319, 126130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ashfaq, M.; Lal, M.H.; Moghal, A.A.B. Utilization of Coal Gangue for Earthworks: Sustainability Perspective, Advances in Sustainable Construction and Resource Management; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2021; pp. 203–218. [Google Scholar]
- Moghal, A.A.B.; Ashfaq, M.; Al-Obaid, A.A.K.H.; Abbas, M.F.; Al-Mahbashi, A.M.; Shaker, A.A. Compaction delay and its effect on the geotechnical properties of lime treated semi-arid soils. Road Mater. Pavement Des. 2021, 22, 2626–2640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bartos, P. Fresh Concrete: Properties and Tests; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Elinwa, A.U.; Ejeh, S.P.; Mamuda, A.M. Assessing of the fresh concrete properties of self-compacting concrete containing sawdust ash. Constr. Build. Mater. 2008, 22, 1178–1182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tattersall, G.; Baker, P. The effect of vibration on the rheological properties of fresh concrete. Mag. Concr. Res. 1988, 40, 79–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arshad, S.; Sharif, M.B.; Irfan-ul-Hassan, M.; Khan, M.; Zhang, J.-L. Efficiency of supplementary cementitious materials and natural fiber on mechanical performance of concrete. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 2020, 45, 8577–8589. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xie, C.; Cao, M.; Guan, J.; Liu, Z.; Khan, M. Improvement of boundary effect model in multi-scale hybrid fibers reinforced cementitious composite and prediction of its structural failure behavior. Compos. Part B Eng. 2021, 224, 109219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rehman, A.U.; Kim, J.-H. 3D concrete printing: A systematic review of rheology, mix designs, mechanical, microstructural, and durability characteristics. Materials 2021, 14, 3800. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Negahban, E.; Bagheri, A.; Sanjayan, J. Composites, Pore gradation effect on Portland cement and geopolymer concretes. Cement 2021, 122, 104141. [Google Scholar]
- Schmidt, W.; Brouwers, H.; Kuehne, H.-C.; Meng, B. Effects of the characteristics of high range water reducing agents and the water to powder ratio on rheological and setting behavior of self-consolidating concrete. Adv. Civ. Eng. Mater. 2014, 3, 127–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Khayat, K.H.; Assaad, J.J. Effect of w/cm and high-range water-reducing admixture on formwork pressure and thixotropy of self-consolidating concrete. ACI Mater. J. 2006, 103, 186. [Google Scholar]
- Sun, Y.; Gao, P.; Geng, F.; Li, H.; Zhang, L.; Liu, H. Thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of porous concrete materials. Mater. Lett. 2017, 209, 349–352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, H.; Sun, D.; Wang, Z.; Huang, F.; Yi, Z.; Yang, Z.; Zhang, Y. A review on the pumping behavior of modern concrete. J. Adv. Concr. Technol. 2020, 18, 352–363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jang, K.P.; Kwon, S.H.; Choi, M.S.; Kim, Y.J.; Park, C.K.; Shah, S.P. Experimental observation on variation of rheological properties during concrete pumping. Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater. 2018, 12, 79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kashani, A.; Ngo, T. Production and Placement of Self-Compacting Concrete, Self-Compacting Concrete: Materials, Properties and Application; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2020; pp. 65–81. [Google Scholar]
- Chidiac, S.; Mahmoodzadeh, F. Plastic viscosity of fresh concrete–A critical review of predictions methods. Cem. Concr. Compos. 2009, 31, 535–544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ahmadpour, A.; Sadeghy, K.; Maddah-Sadatieh, S.-R. The effect of a variable plastic viscosity on the restart problem of pipelines filled with gelled waxy crude oils. J. Non-Newton. Fluid Mech. 2014, 205, 16–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rogovyi, A.; Korohodskyi, V.; Medvediev, Y. Influence of Bingham fluid viscosity on energy performances of a vortex chamber pump. Energy 2021, 218, 119432. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ren, Q.; Tao, Y.; Jiao, D.; Jiang, Z.; Ye, G.; de Schutter, G. Plastic viscosity of cement mortar with manufactured sand as influenced by geometric features and particle size. Cem. Concr. Compos. 2021, 122, 104163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ghafari, E.; Costa, H.; Júlio, E.; Portugal, A.; Durães, L. The effect of nanosilica addition on flowability, strength and transport properties of ultra high performance concrete. Mater. Des. 2014, 59, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kim, B.Y.; Park, J. Rheology and Texture Properties, Surimi Surimi Seafood; Marcel Dekker Inc.: New York, NY, USA, 2000; pp. 267–324. [Google Scholar]
- Cao, M.; Mao, Y.; Khan, M.; Si, W.; Shen, S. Different testing methods for assessing the synthetic fiber distribution in cement-based composites. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 184, 128–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khan, M.; Cao, M.; Hussain, A.; Chu, S. Effect of silica-fume content on performance of CaCO3 whisker and basalt fiber at matrix interface in cement-based composites. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 300, 124046. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sarwar, W.; Ghafor, K.; Mohammed, A. Modeling the rheological properties with shear stress limit and compressive strength of ordinary Portland cement modified with polymers. J. Build. Pathol. Rehabil. 2019, 4, 25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aiad, I.; El-Aleem, S.A.; El-Didamony, H. Effect of delaying addition of some concrete admixtures on the rheological properties of cement pastes. Cem. Concr. Res. 2002, 32, 1839–1843. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohammed, A.; Mahmood, W.; Ghafor, K. TGA, rheological properties with maximum shear stress and compressive strength of cement-based grout modified with polycarboxylate polymers. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 235, 117534. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abidin, N.E.Z.; Ibrahim, M.H.W.; Jamaluddin, N.; Kamaruddin, K.; Hamzah, A.F. The effect of bottom ash on fresh characteristic, compressive strength and water absorption of self-compacting concrete. In Applied Mechanics and Materials; Trans Tech Publications: Bäch, Switzerland, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Buswell, R.A.; de Silva, W.L.; Jones, S.Z.; Dirrenberger, J. 3D printing using concrete extrusion: A roadmap for research. Cem. Concr. Res. 2018, 112, 37–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- de Schutter, G.; Lesage, K.; Mechtcherine, V.; Nerella, V.N.; Habert, G.; Agusti-Juan, I. Vision of 3D printing with concrete—Technical, economic and environmental potentials. Cem. Concr. Res. 2018, 112, 25–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zareiyan, B.; Khoshnevis, B. Effects of interlocking on interlayer adhesion and strength of structures in 3D printing of concrete. Autom. Constr. 2017, 83, 212–221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Duballet, R.; Baverel, O.; Dirrenberger, J. Classification of building systems for concrete 3D printing. Autom. Constr. 2017, 83, 247–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Güneyisi, E.; Gesoglu, M.; Naji, N.; İpek, S. Evaluation of the rheological behavior of fresh self-compacting rubberized concrete by using the Herschel-Bulkley and modified Bingham models. Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng. 2016, 16, 9–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brower, L.E.; Ferraris, C.F. Comparison of concrete rheometers. Concr. Int. 2003, 25, 41–47. [Google Scholar]
- Khan, K.; Ahmad, W.; Amin, M.N.; Aslam, F.; Ahmad, A.; Al-Faiad, M.A. Comparison of Prediction Models Based on Machine Learning for the Compressive Strength Estimation of Recycled Aggregate Concrete. Materials 2022, 15, 3430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, Y.; Ahmad, A.; Ahmad, W.; Vatin, N.I.; Mohamed, A.M.; Fathi, D. Predicting the splitting tensile strength of recycled aggregate concrete using individual and ensemble machine learning approaches. Crystals 2022, 12, 569. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Q.; Ahmad, W.; Ahmad, A.; Aslam, F.; Mohamed, A.; Vatin, N.I. Application of soft computing techniques to predict the strength of geopolymer composites. Polymers 2022, 14, 1074. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Khan, M.; Lao, J.; Dai, J.-G. Comparative study of advanced computational techniques for estimating the compressive strength of UHPC. J. Asian Concr. Fed. 2022, 8, 51–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, Y.; Zhao, J.; Ostrowski, K.A.; Javed, M.F.; Ahmad, A.; Khan, M.I.; Aslam, F.; Kinasz, R. Prediction of compressive strength of fly-ash-based concrete using ensemble and non-ensemble supervised machine-learning approaches. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zou, Y.; Zheng, C.; Alzahrani, A.M.; Ahmad, W.; Ahmad, A.; Mohamed, A.M.; Khallaf, R.; Elattar, S. Evaluation of artificial intelligence methods to estimate the compressive strength of geopolymers. Gels 2022, 8, 271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amin, M.N.; Ahmad, A.; Khan, K.; Ahmad, W.; Nazar, S.; Faraz, M.I.; Alabdullah, A.A. Split tensile strength prediction of recycled aggregate-based sustainable concrete using artificial intelligence methods. Materials 2022, 15, 4296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- El Asri, Y.; Benaicha, M.; Zaher, M.; Alaoui, A.H. Prediction of plastic viscosity and yield stress of self-compacting concrete using machine learning technics. Mater. Today Proc. 2022, 59, A7–A13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ghanbari, A.; Karihaloo, B.L. Prediction of the plastic viscosity of self-compacting steel fibre reinforced concrete. Cem. Concr. Res. 2009, 39, 1209–1216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aicha, M.B.; al Asri, Y.; Zaher, M.; Alaoui, A.H.; Burtschell, Y. Prediction of rheological behavior of self-compacting concrete by multi-variable regression and artificial neural networks. Powder Technol. 2022, 401, 117345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- el Asri, Y.; Aicha, M.B.; Zaher, M.; Alaoui, A.H. Modelization of the rheological behavior of self-compacting concrete using artificial neural networks. Mater. Today Proc. 2022, 58, 1114–1121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohammed, A.; Rafiq, S.; Mahmood, W.; Al-Darkazalir, H.; Noaman, R.; Qadir, W.; Ghafor, K. Artificial Neural Network and NLR techniques to predict the rheological properties and compression strength of cement past modified with nanoclay. Ain Shams Eng. J. 2021, 12, 1313–1328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rolon-Mérette, D.; Ross, M.; Rolon-Mérette, T.; Church, K. Introduction to Anaconda and Python: Installation and setup. Python Res. Psychol. 2016, 16, S5–S11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yegnanarayana, B. Artificial Neural Networks; PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.: Delhi, India, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Dai, B.; Gu, C.; Zhao, E.; Qin, X. Statistical model optimized random forest regression model for concrete dam deformation monitoring. Struct. Control Health Monit. 2018, 25, e2170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Janitza, S.; Tutz, G.; Boulesteix, A.-L. Random forest for ordinal responses: Prediction and variable selection. Comput. Stat. Data Anal. 2016, 96, 57–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Input Variables | Maximum | Minimum | Mean | Standard Deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cement (kg) | 604.00 | 410.00 | 457.79 | 28.33 |
Water (kg) | 275.00 | 147.00 | 186.32 | 26.97 |
Fine aggregate (kg) | 1064.00 | 553.00 | 796.11 | 105.09 |
Coarse gravel (5 × 10 mm) | 1010.00 | 0.00 | 123.59 | 258.77 |
Medium coarse gravel (10 × 20 mm) | 1080.00 | 0.00 | 840.87 | 264.80 |
Superplasticizer (L/100 kg cement) | 4.60 | 0.00 | 1.80 | 1.67 |
PML Approaches | MAE (Pa) | MSE (Pa) | RMSE (Pa) |
---|---|---|---|
NN Algorithm | 54.34 | 4491.6804 | 67.02 |
R-F algorithm | 30.36 | 1141.7641 | 33.79 |
PML Approaches | MAE (Pa·s) | MSE (Pa·s) | RMSE (Pa·s) |
---|---|---|---|
NN Algorithm | 3.59 | 17.9776 | 4.24 |
R-F algorithm | 3.52 | 16.4836 | 4.06 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Amin, M.N.; Ahmad, A.; Khan, K.; Ahmad, W.; Ehsan, S.; Alabdullah, A.A. Predicting the Rheological Properties of Super-Plasticized Concrete Using Modeling Techniques. Materials 2022, 15, 5208. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155208
Amin MN, Ahmad A, Khan K, Ahmad W, Ehsan S, Alabdullah AA. Predicting the Rheological Properties of Super-Plasticized Concrete Using Modeling Techniques. Materials. 2022; 15(15):5208. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155208
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmin, Muhammad Nasir, Ayaz Ahmad, Kaffayatullah Khan, Waqas Ahmad, Saqib Ehsan, and Anas Abdulalim Alabdullah. 2022. "Predicting the Rheological Properties of Super-Plasticized Concrete Using Modeling Techniques" Materials 15, no. 15: 5208. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155208