Enhancing Damage-Sensing Capacity of Strain-Hardening Macro-Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete by Adding Low Amount of Discrete Carbons
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Test
2.1. Materials and Preparating Specimens
2.2. Test Setup and Procedure
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Influence of Additive Type on the Electrical Resistivity of MSFRCs
3.2. Effects of Humidity and Temperature on Electrical Resistivity of MSFRC
3.3. Effects of Carbon Fiber Volume Fraction on the Electro-Tensile Behavior of MSFRCs
- In the first stage, under a low tensile load applied, the micro fibers can bridge small air bubbles and limit the crack propagation. The interfacial zone around the macro fiber is stronger with support from the micro fiber.
- In the second stage, as the crack slit through the section appears, both the micro and the macro fiber bridge the crack slit together but the macro is thought to play the main role. Park et al. [26] stated that the macro fiber mainly serves to enhance the ductility of composites while the micro fiber serves to improve the post-cracking strength.
3.4. Damage-Sensing Capabilities of Some MSFRCs in Review
3.5. Effects of MWCNTs on the Electro-Tensile Behavior of MSFRCs
4. Conclusions
- From same plain mortar, adding conductive additives clearly affected the electrical resistivity of MSFRCs. The order of studied MSFRCs in term of the electrical resistivity was ranked as follows: steel smooth fibers 1.0% volume content blended MWCNTs < hybrid fibers 1.5% volume content < steel smooth fibers 1.5% volume content < no conductive fibers or conductive powders. This means that the MWCNTs strongly enhanced the electrical conductivity of MSFRCs.
- The low electrical resistivity of the MSFRCs was not accompanied by a high damage-sensing capacity that is strongly dependent on the relative change in resistivity.
- The environmental condition clearly affected the electrical resistivity of MSFRCs; as the relative humidity or temperature increased, there was an important reduction in electrical resistivity of MSFRCs.
- Adding 0.5% volume fraction of carbon fibers in initial MSFRC1 or MSFRC2, containing 1.0% and 1.5% volume content of long smooth fibers, respectively, produced the highest gauge factor, i.e., the highest damage-sensing capability. Furthermore, MSFRC1 was more sensitive to the additional carbon fiber than MSFRC2.
- The high volume content of carbon fibers added may cause the reduction in gauge factor, specifically, the carbon fibers, in a hybrid system with steel fibers, should not exceed 0.5% volume fraction in order to disperse well and produce strain-hardening. The post-cracking resistances of MSFRC1 generally increased with addition of low volume content of carbon fibers, whereas those of MSFRC2 did not.
- Although ultra-high-performance concrete (matrix M2) can produce very high compressive strength as well as the highest post-cracking tensile strength, it might not produce a high gauge factor.
- Adding MWCNTs into original MSFRCs, with their fabrications described in this study, might not produce a favorable enhancement of mechanical resistance as well as damage-sensing capacity of MSFRCs, although their electrical resistivity would be significantly reduced.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cement (Type 3) | Silica Fume | Silica Sand | Fly Ash | Superplasticizer | Water | fc’ (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.80 | 0.07 | 1.00 | 0.20 | 0.04 | 0.26 | 90 |
Parameters | Micro-carbon Fiber | Macro-steel Smooth Fiber Fiber |
---|---|---|
Product origin | Panex35 (Korea) | JKT (Korea) |
Diameter (mm) | 0.0072 | 0.3 |
Length (mm) | 12 | 30 |
Aspect ratio (Length/Diameter) | 1667 | 100 |
Density (g/cc) | 1.81 | 7.9 |
Tensile strength (MPa) | 4137 | 2580 |
Elastic modulus (GPa) | 240 | 200 |
Electrical resistivity (kΩ-cm) | 1.2 | 2.06 × 10−8 |
Parameters | Value |
---|---|
Product origin | Hanwha (Korea) |
Purity (wt.%) | >90 |
Bulk density (g/cc) | 0.065 |
Aspect ratio | 2000 |
Diameter (nm) | 10~15 |
Length (μm) | 30~40 |
Number of wall | 10~15 |
Ash (catalyst residue, %) | 10% |
Surface area (m2/g) | ~1200 |
Type of MSFRC | ρi (kΩ-cm) | ρ0 (kΩ-cm) | Ratio ρ0/ρi | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average Value | Standard Deviation | Average Value | Standard Deviation | ||
Plain mortar without fiber and powder | 458.60 | 44.83 | 475.84 | 48.99 | 1.04 |
Steel smooth 1.5 vol.% | 76.28 | 16.70 | 178.15 | 26.48 | 2.34 |
Steel smooth 1.0% & CF 0.5 vol.% | 82.06 | 6.68 | 177.36 | 12.45 | 2.16 |
Steel smooth 1.0 vol.% & MWCNTs 0.5 wt.% of cement | 39.10 | 11.73 | 65.99 | 15.57 | 1.69 |
Type of MSFRC | Normalized, ρi | Normalized, ρ0 |
---|---|---|
Plain mortar without fiber & powder | 1 | 1 |
Steel smooth 1.5 vol.% | 0.17 | 0.37 |
Steel smooth 1.0% & CF 0.5 vol.% | 0.18 | 0.37 |
Steel smooth 1.0 vol.% & MWCNTs 0.5 wt.% of cement | 0.09 | 0.14 |
Environmental Condition | ρi (kΩ-cm) | ρ0 (kΩ-cm) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Average Value | Standard Deviation | Average Value | Standard Deviation | |
Temperature 20 °C, humidity 30% | 105 | 10.6 | 243 | 19.7 |
Temperature 20 °C, humidity 50% | 101 | 21.4 | 224 | 14.0 |
Temperature 20 °C, humidity 70% | 63 | 9.3 | 128 | 15.7 |
Temperature 40 °C, humidity 50% | 52 | 10.3 | 99 | 10.2 |
Notation | Post-Cracking Parameters | Estimated Number of Hybrid Fibers within Cross-Section | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
σpc (MPa) | εpc (%) | N2D | N3D | |
LS1.0-CF0.0 | 4.73 | 0.42 | 113 | 88 |
LS1.0-CF0.5 | 6.51 | 0.45 | 97837 | 76841 |
LS1.0-CF1.0 | 4.82 | 0.28 | 195562 | 153594 |
LS1.0-CF1.5 | 4.64 | 0.35 | 293287 | 230347 |
LS1.5-CF0.0 | 7.53 | 0.44 | 169 | 133 |
LS1.5-CF0.25 | 7.19 | 0.37 | 49031 | 38509 |
LS1.5-CF0.5 | 7.21 | 0.22 | 97894 | 76886 |
LS1.5-CF0.75 | 6.79 | 0.29 | 146756 | 115262 |
No. | Fiber used: Type, Aspect Ratio (mm/mm), Volume Content [ref.] | GF | Matrix | Post-Cracking Strength (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|
01 | Twisted, 30/0.3, 1.5% [14] | 138.09 | M1 | 10.00 |
02 | Smooth, 30/0.3, 1.5% [14] | 99.85 | M1 | 7.64 |
03 | Hooked, 30/0.375, 1.5% [14] | 88.50 | M1 | 6.72 |
04 | Twisted, 20/0.2, 1.5% [14] | 139.68 | M1 | 10.99 |
05 | Smooth, 19/0.2, 1.5% [14] | 99.70 | M1 | 8.05 |
06 | Twisted, 30/0.3, 0.5% [15] | 87.26 | M1 | 4.86 |
07 | Twisted, 30/0.3, 1.0% [15] | 155.99 | M1 | 7.48 |
08 | Twisted, 30/0.3, 1.5% [15] | 164.24 | M1 | 9.99 |
09 | Twisted, 30/0.3, 2.0% [15] | 156.54 | M1 | 12.53 |
10 | Smooth, 30/0.3, 1.0% & Carbon, 12/0.0072, 0.5% [this study] | 208.23 | M1 | 6.51 |
11 | Smooth, 30/0.3, 1.5% [this study] | 98.44 | M1 | 7.53 |
12 | Smooth, 30/0.3, 1.5% & Carbon, 12/0.0072, 0.25% [this study] | 115.16 | M1 | 7.19 |
13 | Smooth, 30/0.3, 1.5% & Carbon, 12/0.0072, 0.5% [this study] | 169.94 | M1 | 7.21 |
14 | Smooth, 30/0.3, 1.0% & Smooth, 19/0.2, 1.0% [16] | 73.22 | M1 (*) | 12.37 |
15 | Smooth, 30/0.3, 1.0% & Smooth, 19/0.2, 1.0% [16] | 39.88 | M2 (**) | 15.13 |
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Nguyen, D.-L.; Kim, D.-J.; Thai, D.-K. Enhancing Damage-Sensing Capacity of Strain-Hardening Macro-Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete by Adding Low Amount of Discrete Carbons. Materials 2019, 12, 938. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12060938
Nguyen D-L, Kim D-J, Thai D-K. Enhancing Damage-Sensing Capacity of Strain-Hardening Macro-Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete by Adding Low Amount of Discrete Carbons. Materials. 2019; 12(6):938. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12060938
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen, Duy-Liem, Dong-Joo Kim, and Duc-Kien Thai. 2019. "Enhancing Damage-Sensing Capacity of Strain-Hardening Macro-Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete by Adding Low Amount of Discrete Carbons" Materials 12, no. 6: 938. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12060938