Synthesis of a Novel and Salt Sensitive Superabsorbent Hydrogel Using Soybean Dregs by UV-Irradiation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.2. SD-PAA and Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) Preparation
2.3. Characterization
2.4. Water Absorption Capacity
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Mechanism of SD-PAA
3.2. Characterization
3.2.1. Elemental Analysis
3.2.2. SEM Analysis
3.2.3. FITR Analysis
3.2.4. TGA Analysis
3.3. Water Retention
3.4. Water Absorption
3.4.1. Effect of Cations
- The water absorption decreased rapidly in low salt concentration (0–50 mM), and decreased gentlely at the concentration above 50 mM. As an ionic hydrogels, the extra cations in media solution caused increased electrostatic repulsion, and changed the osmotic pressure between the media solution and the polymer, which led to low water absorption [34].
- The water absorption order in different chloride salts solution was KCl > NaCl > NH4Cl > AlCl3 > FeCl3 > MgCl2 > CaCl2. The influence of seven cationic on water absorption followed the sequence: K+ > Na+ > NH4+ > Al3+ > Fe3+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+. The monovalent cationic salts had less effect on water absorption than polyvalent salts. This was due to the fact that divalent and trivalent metal ion can form a complexe with −COO– groups containing in polymer SD-PAA and the polyvalent salt solutions had higher ionic strength; the ionic strength order of 150 mM saline solution was Al3+, Fe3+ > Mg2+, Ca2+ > K+, Na+ (Table 2). According to Equation (4), Qe decreased with the increase of ionic strength. Interestingly, Qe in trivalent cationic solution were higher than in divalent cationic solution, while, as shown in Table 2, the ionic strength of trivalent cationic solution was stronger. It may be because that trivalent cationic affected the charge density of polymer more than divalent, which led to stronger water absorption.
- For monovalent metal ion K+ (ionic radius was138 pm) and Na+ (ionic radius was102 pm), the larger the radius, the higher water absorption was (K+ > Na+), while for divalent and trivalent metal ion Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, and Al3+ (their ionic radius were 99.0, 72.0, 64.5, and 53.5 pm, respectively), the larger the radius, the less water absorption was (Ca2+ < Mg2+ < Fe3+ < Al3+). This may be due to the coordination interaction of these metal ions with the –COO− groups on polymer chains. So, these metal ions acted as crosslinking agents of the polymer, which prompted the polymer, absorbed more water. Moreover, for monovalent cation, the water absorption declined severer in polyatomic solution (NH4+) than in single-atomic solution. Above all, salt sensitivity of SD-PAA in different cations solution was Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Fe3+ > Al3+ > NH4+ > Na+ > K+ (Figure 4c).
3.4.2. Effect of Anions
3.4.3. Effect of Particle Size and Salt Solution
3.5. Kinetic Analysis
3.5.1. Swelling Kinetic
3.5.2. Diffusion Kinetic
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | C (%) | N (%) | H (%) |
---|---|---|---|
SD | 38.48 | 0.76 | 5.17 |
PAA | 33.84 | 0.13 | 4.97 |
SD-PAA | 37.11 | 0.53 | 5.00 |
Solution (150 mM) | Ionic Strength a (mol-ion dm−3) | Qe (g·g−1) |
---|---|---|
KCl | 0.15 | 339.0 |
NaCl | 0.15 | 302.0 |
NH4Cl | 0.15 | 45.9 |
CaCl2 | 0.45 | 14.7 |
MgCl2 | 0.45 | 22.6 |
FeCl3 | 0.90 | 39.2 |
AlCl3 | 0.90 | 41.3 |
Na2SO4 | 0.45 | 53.4 |
Na3PO4 | 0.90 | 36.9 |
Sample (mesh) | Qe,exp g·g−1 | Pseudo-First Order Kinetic | Pseudo-Second Order Kinetic | Diffusion Kinetic | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R2 | K1 (min–1) | Qe, cal (g g–1) | R2 | K2 (10−5 g·g−1·min−1) | Qe, cal (g·g−1) | R2 | n | k | ||
20 a | 3587 | 0.9899 | 0.0283 | 2336 | 0.9900 | 2.43 | 3707 | 0.9698 | 0.2643 | 0.2912 |
60 a | 3587 | 0.9812 | 0.0300 | 2060 | 0.9933 | 2.80 | 3756 | 0.9668 | 0.2470 | 0.3266 |
80 a | 3587 | 0.9685 | 0.0800 | 4343 | 0.9919 | 3.84 | 3984 | 0.9335 | 0.2862 | 0.3127 0.6609 |
80 b | 302.0 | 0.9036 | 0.0541 | 67.6 | 0.9998 | 163.3 | 308.6 | 0.9260 | 0.0971 |
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Fan, Y.; Zhang, M.; Shangguan, L. Synthesis of a Novel and Salt Sensitive Superabsorbent Hydrogel Using Soybean Dregs by UV-Irradiation. Materials 2018, 11, 2198. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112198
Fan Y, Zhang M, Shangguan L. Synthesis of a Novel and Salt Sensitive Superabsorbent Hydrogel Using Soybean Dregs by UV-Irradiation. Materials. 2018; 11(11):2198. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112198
Chicago/Turabian StyleFan, Yisa, Mingyue Zhang, and Linjian Shangguan. 2018. "Synthesis of a Novel and Salt Sensitive Superabsorbent Hydrogel Using Soybean Dregs by UV-Irradiation" Materials 11, no. 11: 2198. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112198