Use of a Pre-Drilled Hole for Implementing Thermal Needle Probe Method for Soils and Rocks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Numerical Simulation: Geometry and Mesh Configuration
2.2. Experimental Program
2.2.1. Sample Preparation
2.2.2. Measurement Procedures
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effects of Drilled Hole Diameter, Probe Diameter, and Thermal Conductivity of Thermal Grease: Observations from Numerical Simulations
3.2. Estimation of Thermal Conductivity: Observations from Numerical Simulations
3.3. Verification Using Physical Experiments
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Thermal Conductivity λ (W∙m−1∙K−1) | Specific Heat Capacity Cp (J∙kg−1∙K−1) | Density ρ (kg∙m−3) | Thickness for Thick Sensor (mm) | Thickness for Thin Sensor (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stainless steel | 16.2 | 501 | 7850 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
Epoxy | 0.35 | 1000 | 1271.5 | 1.3 | 0.5 |
Thermal grease | 8 | 900 | 4000 | 0.4 | 1.2 |
4 | 900 | 2000 | 1.4 | 2.2 | |
2 | 900 | 1000 | 2.4 | 3.2 | |
Soil 1 | 0.5 | 900 | 1600 | - | - |
Soil 2 | 1 | 1100 | 1700 | - | - |
Soil 3 | 1.5 | 1300 | 1800 | - | - |
Soil 4 | 2 | 1500 | 1900 | - | - |
Soil 5 | 2.5 | 1800 | 2000 | - | - |
Sample Number | Mass of Mixtures (kg) | Estimated Porosity 2 (%) | Estimated Water Saturation 3 (%) | Reference Thermal Conductivity (W∙m−1∙K−1) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sand | Gypsum Plaster 1 | Water | ||||
1 | 10.4 | 1.6 | 1.064 | 27.4 | 0 | 0.563 |
2 | 9.1 | 1.078 | 0.7 | 37.0 | 0 | 0.945 |
3 | 9.1 | 2.156 | 1.4 | 28.5 | 0 | 1.165 |
4 | 9.1 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 16.5 | 75 | 1.710 |
5 | 9.1 | 2.8 | 3.5 | 21.5 | 95 | 1.820 |
λgrease (W∙m−1∙K−1) | dhole (mm) | λsoil (W∙m−1∙K−1) | Thick Sensor | Thin Sensor | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
λcalculated (W∙m−1∙K−1) | Relative Error (%) | λcalculated (W∙m−1∙K−1) | Relative Error (%) | |||
8 | 8 | 0.5 | 0.467 | −6.6 | 0.459 | −8.2 |
1 | 0.972 | −2.8 | 0.96 | −4.0 | ||
1.5 | 1.489 | −0.7 | 1.474 | −1.7 | ||
2 | 2.012 | 0.6 | 1.994 | −0.3 | ||
2.5 | 2.534 | 1.4 | 2.514 | 0.6 | ||
6 | 0.5 | 0.471 | −5.8 | 0.465 | −7.0 | |
1 | 0.978 | −2.2 | 0.965 | −3.5 | ||
1.5 | 1.494 | −0.4 | 1.476 | −1.6 | ||
2 | 2.013 | 0.6 | 1.99 | −0.5 | ||
2.5 | 2.525 | 1.0 | 2.501 | 0.0 | ||
4 | 0.5 | 0.481 | −3.8 | 0.474 | −5.2 | |
1 | 0.985 | −1.5 | 0.972 | −2.8 | ||
1.5 | 1.498 | −0.1 | 1.479 | −1.4 | ||
2 | 2.011 | 0.6 | 1.988 | −0.6 | ||
2.5 | 2.515 | 0.6 | 2.491 | −0.4 | ||
4 | 8 | 0.5 | 0.467 | −6.6 | 0.49 | −2.0 |
1 | 0.972 | −2.8 | 0.998 | −0.2 | ||
1.5 | 1.489 | −0.7 | 1.515 | 1.0 | ||
2 | 2.012 | 0.6 | 2.045 | 2.3 | ||
2.5 | 2.534 | 1.4 | 2.571 | 2.8 | ||
6 | 0.5 | 0.492 | −1.6 | 0.487 | −2.6 | |
1 | 0.998 | −0.2 | 0.99 | −1.0 | ||
1.5 | 1.512 | 0.8 | 1.502 | 0.1 | ||
2 | 2.029 | 1.5 | 2.017 | 0.8 | ||
2.5 | 2.543 | 1.7 | 2.527 | 1.1 | ||
4 | 0.5 | 0.49 | −2.0 | 0.485 | −3.0 | |
1 | 0.993 | −0.7 | 0.984 | −1.6 | ||
1.5 | 1.53 | 2.0 | 1.491 | −0.6 | ||
2 | 2.014 | 0.7 | 2.001 | 0.0 | ||
2.5 | 2.519 | 0.8 | 2.504 | 0.2 | ||
2 | 8 | 0.5 | 0.509 | 1.8 | 0.507 | 1.4 |
1 | 1.022 | 2.2 | 1.017 | 1.7 | ||
1.5 | 1.543 | 2.9 | 1.535 | 2.3 | ||
2 | 2.067 | 3.4 | 2.057 | 2.9 | ||
2.5 | 2.589 | 3.6 | 2.577 | 3.1 | ||
6 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.498 | −0.4 | |
1 | 1.007 | 0.7 | 1.003 | 0.3 | ||
1.5 | 1.522 | 1.5 | 1.515 | 1.0 | ||
2 | 2.039 | 2.0 | 2.03 | 1.5 | ||
2.5 | 2.552 | 2.1 | 2.54 | 1.6 | ||
4 | 0.5 | 0.492 | −1.6 | 0.49 | −2.0 | |
1 | 0.995 | −0.5 | 0.99 | −1.0 | ||
1.5 | 1.505 | 0.3 | 1.497 | −0.2 | ||
2 | 2.016 | 0.8 | 2.007 | 0.4 | ||
2.5 | 2.521 | 0.8 | 2.51 | 0.4 |
Sample Number | Reference λ (W∙m−1∙K−1) | λ Estimated by the Thin Sensor (W∙m−1∙K−1) | Relative Error (%) | λ Estimated by the Thick Sensor (W∙m−1∙K−1) | Relative Error (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.563 | 0.620 | −10.1 | 0.583 | −3.6 |
2 | 0.945 | 0.868 | 8.1 | 0.855 | 9.5 |
3 | 1.17 | 1.14 | 2.6 | 1.19 | −1.7 |
4 | 1.71 | 1.65 | 3.5 | 1.67 | 2.3 |
5 | 1.82 | 1.71 | 6.0 | 2.06 | −13.2 |
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Lee, S.-J.; Choi, J.-C.; Baek, S.; Kwon, T.-H.; Ryu, H.-H.; Song, K.-I. Use of a Pre-Drilled Hole for Implementing Thermal Needle Probe Method for Soils and Rocks. Energies 2016, 9, 846. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9100846
Lee S-J, Choi J-C, Baek S, Kwon T-H, Ryu H-H, Song K-I. Use of a Pre-Drilled Hole for Implementing Thermal Needle Probe Method for Soils and Rocks. Energies. 2016; 9(10):846. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9100846
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, So-Jung, Jung-Chan Choi, Seunghun Baek, Tae-Hyuk Kwon, Hee-Hwan Ryu, and Ki-Il Song. 2016. "Use of a Pre-Drilled Hole for Implementing Thermal Needle Probe Method for Soils and Rocks" Energies 9, no. 10: 846. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9100846