Temporal and Spatial Analysis of Integrated Energy and Environment Efficiency in China Based on a Green GDP Index
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Green GDP Index
2.1. DEA Model
2.2. Malmquist Index
2.3. Data Sources
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Regional Discrepancies
Regions (DMUs) | GGIC | GGIV | SE | Stage | Regions (DMUs) | GGIC | GGIV | SE | Stage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beijing | 1 | 1 | 1 | constant | Hunan | 0.504 | 0.506 | 0.996 | decreasing |
Shanghai | 1 | 1 | 1 | constant | Jilin | 0.501 | 0.522 | 0.958 | increasing |
Guangdong | 0.885 | 1 | 0.885 | decreasing | Heilongjiang | 0.498 | 0.506 | 0.984 | increasing |
Fujian | 0.825 | 0.841 | 0.981 | decreasing | Hubei | 0.485 | 0.486 | 0.998 | decreasing |
Zhejiang | 0.818 | 0.892 | 0.917 | decreasing | Sichuan | 0.453 | 0.463 | 0.98 | decreasing |
Tianjin | 0.817 | 1 | 0.817 | increasing | Liaoning | 0.43 | 0.446 | 0.964 | increasing |
Jiangsu | 0.796 | 0.892 | 0.892 | decreasing | Yunnan | 0.406 | 0.431 | 0.941 | decreasing |
Hainan | 0.713 | 1 | 0.713 | increasing | Hebei | 0.37 | 0.391 | 0.947 | decreasing |
Jiangxi | 0.689 | 0.716 | 0.962 | increasing | Gansu | 0.325 | 0.379 | 0.857 | increasing |
Anhui | 0.596 | 0.605 | 0.985 | increasing | Xinjiang | 0.314 | 0.348 | 0.9 | increasing |
Guangxi | 0.573 | 0.595 | 0.963 | increasing | Inner Mongolia | 0.302 | 0.31 | 0.975 | increasing |
Shandong | 0.564 | 0.641 | 0.881 | decreasing | Guizhou | 0.258 | 0.584 | 0.441 | increasing |
Henan | 0.529 | 0.566 | 0.935 | decreasing | Shanxi | 0.247 | 0.257 | 0.958 | increasing |
Shaanxi | 0.517 | 0.536 | 0.965 | increasing | Qinghai | 0.226 | 0.525 | 0.43 | increasing |
Chongqing | 0.513 | 0.539 | 0.951 | increasing | Ningxia | 0.175 | 0.364 | 0.481 | increasing |
Average | 0.544 | 0.611 | 0.889 |
3.2. GGI Trends
Year | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | Average | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DMUs | ||||||
Beijing | 1.491 | 1.194 | 1.355 | 1.072 | 1.268 | |
Tianjin | 1.116 | 1.073 | 1.126 | 1.057 | 1.093 | |
Hebei | 1.032 | 1.042 | 1.068 | 1.053 | 1.049 | |
Shanxi | 1.02 | 1.047 | 1.08 | 1.062 | 1.052 | |
Inner Mongolia | 1.026 | 1.047 | 1.068 | 1.074 | 1.053 | |
Liaoning | 1.037 | 1.042 | 1.054 | 1.053 | 1.047 | |
Jilin | 1.035 | 1.046 | 1.053 | 1.063 | 1.049 | |
Heilongjiang | 1.034 | 1.043 | 1.05 | 1.059 | 1.047 | |
Shanghai | 1.106 | 1.247 | 1.153 | 1.143 | 1.161 | |
Jiangsu | 1.036 | 1.044 | 1.062 | 1.054 | 1.049 | |
Zhejiang | 1.037 | 1.044 | 1.058 | 1.057 | 1.049 | |
Anhui | 1.031 | 1.043 | 1.047 | 1.057 | 1.044 | |
Fujian | 1.041 | 1.098 | 1.076 | 1.037 | 1.062 | |
Jiangxi | 1.033 | 1.044 | 1.063 | 1.047 | 1.047 | |
Shandong | 1.036 | 1.048 | 1.069 | 1.055 | 1.052 | |
Henan | 1.031 | 1.043 | 1.054 | 1.064 | 1.048 | |
Hubei | 1.033 | 1.042 | 1.072 | 1.061 | 1.052 | |
Hunan | 1.035 | 1.046 | 1.072 | 1.053 | 1.051 | |
Guangdong | 1.03 | 1.033 | 1.045 | 1.043 | 1.038 | |
Jiangxi | 1.026 | 1.034 | 1.041 | 1.046 | 1.037 | |
Hainan | 1.011 | 1.008 | 1.027 | 1.028 | 1.019 | |
Chongqing | 1.035 | 1.046 | 1.052 | 1.058 | 1.048 | |
Sichuan | 1.033 | 1.046 | 1.042 | 1.062 | 1.046 | |
Guizhou | 1.031 | 1.042 | 1.068 | 1.041 | 1.046 | |
Yunnan | 1.015 | 1.041 | 1.05 | 1.048 | 1.039 | |
Shaanxi | 1.035 | 1.048 | 1.063 | 1.047 | 1.048 | |
Gansu | 1.027 | 1.043 | 1.053 | 1.073 | 1.049 | |
Qinghai | 0.994 | 1.031 | 1.043 | 1.069 | 1.034 | |
Ningxia | 1.01 | 1.037 | 1.073 | 1.064 | 1.046 | |
Xinjiang | 1.011 | 1.032 | 1.032 | 1.015 | 1.022 | |
Average | 1.046 | 1.055 | 1.071 | 1.057 | 1.057 |
Year | GDP (1 billion yuan) | Energy Intensity (tce/10,000 yuan) | SO2 (10,000 ton) | Soot (10,000 ton) | Dust (10,000 ton) | COD (10,000 ton) | Ammonia Nitrogen (10,000 ton) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2006 | 20,838.10 | 1.24 | 2234.8 | 864.5 | 808.4 | 541.5 | 42.5 |
2007 | 23,789.28 | 1.18 | 2140 | 771.1 | 698.7 | 511.1 | 34.1 |
2008 | 26,081.29 | 1.12 | 1991.4 | 670.7 | 584.9 | 457.6 | 29.7 |
2009 | 28,457.20 | 1.08 | 1865.9 | 604.4 | 523.6 | 439.7 | 27.4 |
Average | 24,791.47 | 1.155 | 2058.025 | 727.675 | 653.9 | 487.475 | 33.425 |
Change rate | 36.56% | 12.90% | 16.51% | 30.09% | 35.23% | 18.80% | 35.53% |
Region | Change in Relative Green Index | Change in Green Frontier | Change in Pure Green Index | Change in Scale Effect | Change in Green Index |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beijing | 1 | 1.268 | 1 | 1 | 1.268 |
Tianjin | 1.011 | 1.081 | 1.051 | 0.962 | 1.093 |
Hebei | 0.981 | 1.069 | 0.994 | 0.987 | 1.049 |
Shanxi | 0.984 | 1.069 | 0.991 | 0.993 | 1.052 |
Inner Mongolia | 0.985 | 1.069 | 0.987 | 0.998 | 1.053 |
Liaoning | 0.979 | 1.069 | 0.988 | 0.991 | 1.047 |
Jilin | 0.981 | 1.069 | 0.987 | 0.995 | 1.049 |
Heilongjiang | 0.979 | 1.069 | 0.981 | 0.998 | 1.047 |
Shanghai | 1 | 1.161 | 1 | 1 | 1.161 |
Jiangsu | 0.981 | 1.069 | 1.009 | 0.972 | 1.049 |
Zhejiang | 0.981 | 1.069 | 1.002 | 0.979 | 1.049 |
Anhui | 0.977 | 1.069 | 0.979 | 0.998 | 1.044 |
Fujian | 0.994 | 1.069 | 0.998 | 0.995 | 1.062 |
Jiangxi | 0.979 | 1.069 | 0.985 | 0.994 | 1.047 |
Shandong | 0.984 | 1.069 | 1.011 | 0.973 | 1.052 |
Henan | 0.98 | 1.069 | 0.996 | 0.984 | 1.048 |
Hubei | 0.984 | 1.069 | 0.984 | 1 | 1.052 |
Hunan | 0.984 | 1.069 | 0.984 | 0.999 | 1.051 |
Guangdong | 0.971 | 1.069 | 1 | 0.971 | 1.038 |
Guangxi | 0.97 | 1.069 | 0.975 | 0.995 | 1.037 |
Hainan | 0.953 | 1.069 | 1 | 0.953 | 1.019 |
Chongqing | 0.98 | 1.069 | 0.987 | 0.993 | 1.048 |
Sichuan | 0.978 | 1.069 | 0.983 | 0.995 | 1.046 |
Guizhou | 0.978 | 1.069 | 1.035 | 0.945 | 1.046 |
Yunnan | 0.972 | 1.069 | 0.981 | 0.991 | 1.039 |
Shaanxi | 0.981 | 1.069 | 0.985 | 0.996 | 1.048 |
Gansu | 0.981 | 1.069 | 1.005 | 0.976 | 1.049 |
Qinghai | 0.967 | 1.069 | 1.016 | 0.952 | 1.034 |
Ningxia | 0.978 | 1.069 | 1.029 | 0.95 | 1.046 |
Xinjiang | 0.956 | 1.069 | 0.973 | 0.983 | 1.022 |
Average | 0.980 | 1.079 | 0.996 | 0.984 | 1.057 |
Object | Studying Period | Production Efficiency | References |
---|---|---|---|
Integrated energy and environmental efficiency of China | 2009 | 54.4 | This paper |
Industrial energy efficiency of Chinese industrial system | 2006 | 47.67 | [16] |
Resource efficiency of Chinese industrial system | 2004 | 49.8 | [20] |
Environmental efficiency of Chinese industrial system | 2004 | 55.53 | [20] |
Resource efficiency of China | 2006 | 42.15 | [25] |
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The integrated energy and environment efficiencies of these regions vary greatly. Beijing and Shanghai have the lowest energy consumptions and environment pollutions during the GDP growth process, with a green index of 1. The green indexes of the developed eastern regions like Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang, Tianjin, Jiangsu and Hainan are in the top ranking, while those of the northeastern and middle regions relatively fall behind. There are severe energy and environment problems in the northwest and south areas such as Ningxia, Qinghai, Shanxi, Guizhou and Inner Mongolia, which are far from the green frontier, with GGIs all being below 0.3.
- (2)
- The provincial differences between GGIs reflect the specific development modes, which depend on the varying level of development of each area. There is an obvious positive correlation between the green index and per capita GDP, with the correlation coefficient being 0.75. Almost all the green indexes are above 0.6 in the regions with per capita GDP of more than 0.35 million yuan, while the green indexes are below 0.6 in the regions whose per capita GDP are below 0.35 million yuan, indicating that dependence of economic growth on energy consumption and environmental pollution will gradually decrease.
- (3)
- Increases of different degree in GGIs of all DMUs are found from 2006 to 2008, which represent the great achievements of the Energy Conservation & Emission Reduction movement in China. However, GGIs of these provinces have not converged to the green frontier, showing a more or less divergent trend.
Acknowledgements
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Lin, W.; Yang, J.; Chen, B. Temporal and Spatial Analysis of Integrated Energy and Environment Efficiency in China Based on a Green GDP Index. Energies 2011, 4, 1376-1390. https://doi.org/10.3390/en4091376
Lin W, Yang J, Chen B. Temporal and Spatial Analysis of Integrated Energy and Environment Efficiency in China Based on a Green GDP Index. Energies. 2011; 4(9):1376-1390. https://doi.org/10.3390/en4091376
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Weibin, Jin Yang, and Bin Chen. 2011. "Temporal and Spatial Analysis of Integrated Energy and Environment Efficiency in China Based on a Green GDP Index" Energies 4, no. 9: 1376-1390. https://doi.org/10.3390/en4091376