Enhancing Green Building Rating of a School under the Hot Climate of UAE; Renewable Energy Application and System Integration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Analysis of the School Green Rating System Performance
3. Methodology
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Photovoltaic System Performance
4.2. Solar Absorption Chiller Performance
4.3. Geothermal System Performance
5. Credit Enhancement Verification of the Local Green Rating System
6. System Integration
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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System/Criteria | Advantages | Limitations | Performance | Payback Period versus Life Span |
---|---|---|---|---|
Photovoltaic system [23] | Annual solar radiation of 2285 kWh/m2, expected energy of 850 kW year/m2). | Dust results in radiation reduction on panel. High temperature results in power losses. | Electrical energy production of 322 kWh/m2-year [24,25]. | Pay-back period: 3–5 years [26] based on unsubsidized tariffs. Lifespan: 25–30 years. |
Solar absorption cooling system [27,28] | Annual solar radiation of 182,800 kWh/m2. | High initial cost. Dust on collectors results in radiation reduction. High temperature results in power losses. | A cooling energy production of 1059 kWh/m2-year. | Average payback period: 4–10 years. Lifespan: 25–35 years. |
Geothermal cooling system [20,29] | Ground temperature is used to modulate interior temperature (difference up to 20 °C during summer) | High initial cost. Land required to install the loop. Lower temperature gradient in moderate seasons. | Cooling energy delivered by 46 kWh/year-m length of borehole [30]. | Average payback period: 7–10 years according to the system size. Life span: up to 50 years. |
System | Peak Capacity (kW) | Annual Energy Consumption (MWh) |
---|---|---|
Space cooling (peak months) | 360.5 | 777.6 |
Heat rejection | 49.4 | 151 |
Space heating | 79.7 | 0.066 |
Pumping energy | 42.8 | 105.7 |
Interior Fans | 304.6 | 276.9 |
Interior Lighting | 188.3 | 410 |
Service Water Heating | 200.0 | 231.8 |
Receptacle/Process Equipment | 167.5 | 252 |
Total | 1392.9 | 2206 |
Parameters | Values |
---|---|
Fluid Flow rate | 400–4400 kg/h in increments of 400 kg/h |
Pipe Length | 200–2800 m in increments of 200 m |
Pipe Diameter | 1 inch, 1.25 inches, 1.5 inches, 2 inches |
Pipe Material | Aluminum, Copper, Polyethylene |
Pipe Depth | 3 m, 4 m, 5 m, 6 m, 7 m |
Pipe Spacing | 0.25 m, 0.5 m, 0.75 m, 1 m |
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Al Dakheel, J.; Tabet Aoul, K.; Hassan, A. Enhancing Green Building Rating of a School under the Hot Climate of UAE; Renewable Energy Application and System Integration. Energies 2018, 11, 2465. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11092465
Al Dakheel J, Tabet Aoul K, Hassan A. Enhancing Green Building Rating of a School under the Hot Climate of UAE; Renewable Energy Application and System Integration. Energies. 2018; 11(9):2465. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11092465
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl Dakheel, Joud, Kheira Tabet Aoul, and Ahmed Hassan. 2018. "Enhancing Green Building Rating of a School under the Hot Climate of UAE; Renewable Energy Application and System Integration" Energies 11, no. 9: 2465. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11092465