Energy-Related CO2 Emission in China’s Provincial Thermal Electricity Generation: Driving Factors and Possibilities for Abatement
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review on China’s Thermal Electricity Generation
3. Methodology
3.1. Calculation of CO2 Emissions
3.2. Shapley/Sun Index
3.3. Slack-Based Measure of Efficiency
4. Energy Consumption and IDA Results
4.1. Data Sources
4.2. Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions
4.3. The Results of IDA
5. Environmental Efficiency and Shadow Prices
5.1. Data Sources
5.2. Environmental Efficiency
5.3. Shadow Prices
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fuel Type | Unit | Conversion Factor | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coal | Raw coal | 1 | 104 tn | 0.714 kg ce/kg |
Cleaned coal | 2 | 104 tn | 0.900 kg ce/kg | |
Other washed coal | 3 | 104 tn | 0.286 kg ce/kg | |
Briquettes | 4 | 104 tn | 0.700 kg ce/kg | |
Gangue | 5 | 104 tn | 0.179 kg ce/kg | |
Coke | 6 | 104 tn | 0.971 kg ce/kg | |
Other cooking products | 7 | 104 tn | 1.500 kg ce/kg | |
Oil | Crude oil | 8 | 104 tn | 1.429 kg ce/kg |
Gasoline | 9 | 104 tn | 1.471 kg ce/kg | |
Diesel oil | 10 | 104 tn | 1.457 kg ce/kg | |
Fuel oil | 11 | 104 tn | 1.429 kg ce/kg | |
Petroleum coke | 12 | 104 tn | 1.092 kg ce/kg | |
Other petroleum | 13 | 104 tn | 1.400 kg ce/kg | |
Gas | Coke oven gas | 14 | 108 m3 | 0.614 kg ce/m3 |
Blast furnace gas | 15 | 108 m3 | 1.286 kg ce/104 m3 | |
Converter gas | 16 | 108 m3 | 2.714 kg ce/104 m3 | |
Other gas | 17 | 108 m3 | 0.657 kg ce/m3 | |
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) | 18 | 104 tn | 1.714 kg ce/kg | |
Refinery gas | 19 | 104 tn | 1.571 kg ce/kg | |
Natural gas | 20 | 108 m3 | 1.330 kg ce/m3 | |
Liquefied petroleum gas (LNG) | 21 | 104 tn | 1.757 kg ce/kg | |
Others | Other energy | 22 | 104 tce | 1.000 kg ce/kg |
Heat | 23 | 1010 kJ | 0.034 kg ce/106 J |
Fuel | Unit | (tc/TJ) | (%) | (kg CO2/TJ) | (MJ/ton or MJ/m3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Raw coal | 104 ton | 25.8 | 100 | 94,600 | 20,908 |
Cleaned coal | 104 ton | 25.8 | 100 | 94,600 | 26,344 |
Other washed coal | 104 ton | 25.8 | 100 | 94,600 | 8363 |
Briquettes | 104 ton | 26.6 | 100 | 97,500 | 20,908 |
Gangue | 104 ton | 25.8 | 100 | 94,600 | 8372 |
Coke | 104 ton | 29.2 | 100 | 107,100 | 28,435 |
Other cooking | 104 ton | 25.8 | 100 | 94,600 | 28,435 |
Crude oil | 104 ton | 20.0 | 100 | 73,300 | 41,816 |
Gasoline | 104 ton | 18.9 | 100 | 69,300 | 43,070 |
Diesel oil | 104 ton | 20.2 | 100 | 74,100 | 42,652 |
Fuel oil | 104 ton | 21.1 | 100 | 77,400 | 41,816 |
Petroleum coke | 104 ton | 26.6 | 100 | 97,500 | 31,980 |
Other petroleum | 104 ton | 20.0 | 100 | 73,300 | 41,816 |
Coke oven gas | 108 m3 | 12.1 | 100 | 44,400 | 16,726 |
Blast furnace gas | 108 m3 | 70.8 | 100 | 259,600 | 3767 |
Converter gas | 108 m3 | 49.6 | 100 | 181,900 | 7953 |
Other gas | 108 m3 | 12.1 | 100 | 44,400 | 5227 |
LPG | 104 ton | 17.2 | 100 | 63,100 | 50,179 |
Refinery gas | 104 ton | 15.7 | 100 | 57,600 | 46,055 |
Natural gas | 104 ton | 15.3 | 100 | 56,100 | 38,931 |
LNG | 108 m3 | 15.3 | 100 | 56,100 | 51,486 |
Provinces | GDP of Province (CNY Billion in 2000 Price) | Energy Use (Mtce) | CO2 Emissions (Mt) |
---|---|---|---|
Beijing | 6432 | 5.69 | 15.08 |
Tianjin | 3462 | 12.85 | 35.32 |
Hebei | 10,261 | 54.00 | 143.62 |
Shanxi | 3755 | 54.59 | 147.56 |
Inner Mongolia | 3131 | 72.24 | 199.06 |
Liaoning | 9498 | 36.97 | 100.51 |
Jilin | 3970 | 19.68 | 53.88 |
Heilongjiang | 6411 | 25.20 | 68.98 |
Shanghai | 9706 | 39.01 | 105.94 |
Jiangsu | 17,401 | 75.16 | 204.65 |
Zhejiang | 12,493 | 45.10 | 121.77 |
Anhui | 5904 | 52.57 | 143.62 |
Fujian | 7658 | 20.85 | 56.62 |
Jiangxi | 4075 | 14.66 | 39.90 |
Shandong | 16,961 | 76.05 | 207.10 |
Henan | 10,279 | 60.34 | 164.46 |
Hubei | 7212 | 21.11 | 56.17 |
Hunan | 7225 | 17.95 | 48.03 |
Guangdong | 21,851 | 63.42 | 167.90 |
Guangxi | 4231 | 13.19 | 33.00 |
Hainan | 1072 | 2.83 | 7.55 |
Chongqing | 3643 | 9.13 | 24.15 |
Sichuan | 7991 | 18.92 | 51.85 |
Guizhou | 2095 | 25.30 | 69.18 |
Yunnan | 4091 | 16.96 | 45.26 |
Shannxi | 3670 | 23.34 | 63.83 |
Gansu | 2142 | 14.64 | 40.32 |
Qinghai | 536 | 3.03 | 8.38 |
Ningxia | 600 | 16.53 | 45.70 |
Xinjiang | 2774 | 16.30 | 44.76 |
Mean Energy Consumption | Provinces/Provincial Power Grids |
---|---|
<15 Mtce | Hainan, Qinghai, Beijing, Chongqing, Tianjin, Guangxi , Gansu, Jiangxi |
15–30 Mtce | Xinjiang, Ningxia, Yunnan, Hunan, Sichuan, Jilin, Fujian, Hubei, Shannxi, Heilongjiang, Guizhou |
30–60 Mtce | Liaoning, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Anhui, Hebei, Shanxi |
>60 Mtce | Henan, Guangdong, Inner Mongolia, Jiangsu, Shandong |
Provinces | Inputs | Desirable Output | Undesirable Output | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coal Fuel (Mtce) | Non-Coal Fuel (Mtce) | Installed Capability (104 kW) | Electricity (108 kW·h) | CO2 Emissions (Mt) | |
Beijing | 5.21 | 0.48 | 441 | 228 | 15.08 |
Tianjin | 12.67 | 0.22 | 786 | 397 | 35.32 |
Hebei | 51.27 | 2.7 | 2750 | 1471 | 143.62 |
Shanxi | 52.61 | 1.98 | 2981 | 1471 | 147.56 |
Inner Mongolia | 71.58 | 0.66 | 3370 | 1490 | 199.06 |
Liaoning | 35.86 | 1.11 | 2030 | 968 | 100.51 |
Jilin | 19.41 | 0.27 | 929 | 406 | 53.88 |
Heilongjiang | 24.69 | 0.51 | 1398 | 614 | 68.98 |
Shanghai | 37.44 | 1.57 | 1512 | 757 | 105.94 |
Jiangsu | 73.39 | 1.76 | 4506 | 2303 | 204.65 |
Zhejiang | 42.67 | 2.43 | 3204 | 1403 | 121.77 |
Anhui | 51.71 | 0.89 | 1895 | 906 | 143.62 |
Fujian | 20.11 | 0.74 | 1469 | 641 | 56.62 |
Jiangxi | 14.32 | 0.39 | 892 | 371 | 39.9 |
Shandong | 73.98 | 2.49 | 4633 | 2203 | 207.1 |
Henan | 59.06 | 1.28 | 3382 | 1550 | 164.46 |
Hubei | 20.08 | 1.03 | 1339 | 543 | 56.17 |
Hunan | 17.2 | 0.75 | 1153 | 473 | 48.03 |
Guangdong | 54.11 | 9.32 | 4100 | 1953 | 167.9 |
Guangxi | 11.85 | 1.34 | 789 | 327 | 33 |
Hainan | 2.63 | 0.21 | 227 | 84 | 7.55 |
Chongqing | 8.58 | 0.55 | 523 | 240 | 24.15 |
Sichuan | 18.54 | 0.38 | 1025 | 404 | 51.85 |
Guizhou | 24.94 | 0.36 | 1321 | 675 | 69.18 |
Yunnan | 16.24 | 0.72 | 796 | 337 | 45.26 |
Shannxi | 22.9 | 0.43 | 1370 | 667 | 63.83 |
Gansu | 14.52 | 0.12 | 865 | 405 | 40.32 |
Qinghai | 3 | 0.03 | 152 | 78 | 8.38 |
Ningxia | 16.37 | 0.22 | 787 | 388 | 45.7 |
Xinjiang | 16.01 | 0.3 | 934 | 380 | 44.76 |
Year | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Mean | Rank | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Provinces | |||||||||||||||||
Beijing | 0.38 | 0.41 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.39 | 0.37 | 0.43 | 0.44 | 0.52 | 0.58 | 0.64 | 0.66 | 0.80 | 1.00 | 0.53 | 2 | |
Tianjin | 0.42 | 0.46 | 0.49 | 0.79 | 0.51 | 0.47 | 0.45 | 0.47 | 0.43 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.41 | 0.40 | 0.42 | 0.46 | 4 | |
Hebei | 0.38 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.38 | 0.35 | 0.38 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 13 | |
Shanxi | 0.96 | 1.00 | 0.52 | 0.56 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.33 | 0.46 | 5 | |
Inner Mongolia | 0.26 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.26 | 0.30 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.25 | 0.23 | 26 | |
Liaoning | 0.27 | 0.33 | 0.36 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.34 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.22 | 0.31 | 17 | |
Jilin | 0.26 | 0.22 | 0.25 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.20 | 27 | |
Heilongjiang | 0.19 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.29 | 0.24 | 0.29 | 0.25 | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.30 | 0.24 | 25 | |
Shanghai | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.41 | 0.52 | 0.49 | 0.40 | 0.19 | 28 | |
Jiangsu | 0.34 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.42 | 0.40 | 0.38 | 0.42 | 0.47 | 0.48 | 0.46 | 0.49 | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0.42 | 0.43 | 6 | |
Zhejiang | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.26 | 0.23 | 0.31 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.38 | 0.42 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.47 | 0.35 | 14 | |
Anhui | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.54 | 1.00 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.40 | 0.44 | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.24 | 24 | |
Fujian | 0.31 | 0.24 | 0.38 | 0.49 | 0.48 | 0.44 | 0.41 | 0.45 | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.38 | 0.42 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.40 | 9 | |
Jiangxi | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.20 | 0.32 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.29 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.25 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.27 | 23 | |
Shandong | 0.52 | 1.00 | 0.38 | 0.28 | 0.36 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.33 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.33 | 0.36 | 0.40 | 8 | |
Henan | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.32 | 0.30 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.33 | 0.26 | 0.34 | 0.33 | 0.36 | 0.31 | 18 | |
Hubei | 0.21 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.16 | 0.22 | 0.27 | 0.30 | 0.22 | 0.32 | 0.25 | 0.30 | 0.28 | 0.34 | 0.27 | 22 | |
Hunan | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.42 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.27 | 0.33 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.25 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 20 | |
Guangdong | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.39 | 0.33 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.40 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.34 | 16 | |
Guangxi | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.26 | 0.41 | 0.50 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.28 | 0.33 | 0.29 | 0.26 | 0.33 | 0.28 | 21 | |
Hainan | 0.23 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.37 | 0.45 | 0.51 | 0.53 | 0.48 | 0.43 | 0.40 | 0.42 | 0.46 | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.40 | 10 | |
Chongqing | 0.13 | 0.73 | 1.00 | 0.35 | 0.21 | 0.25 | 0.23 | 0.26 | 0.20 | 0.24 | 0.34 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.31 | 0.34 | 15 | |
Sichuan | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.22 | 0.34 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.22 | 0.17 | 30 | |
Guizhou | 0.62 | 0.77 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.93 | 1.00 | 0.33 | 0.29 | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.37 | 0.40 | 0.41 | 0.63 | 1 | |
Yunnan | 0.32 | 0.16 | 0.22 | 0.17 | 0.24 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.22 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.17 | 29 | |
Shannxi | 0.32 | 0.29 | 0.27 | 0.39 | 0.33 | 0.37 | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.34 | 0.30 | 0.36 | 0.49 | 0.54 | 0.56 | 0.39 | 12 | |
Gansu | 0.36 | 0.38 | 0.40 | 0.41 | 0.53 | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.41 | 0.39 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.39 | 11 | |
Qinghai | 0.31 | 0.41 | 0.52 | 1.00 | 0.60 | 0.29 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.38 | 0.44 | 0.39 | 0.36 | 0.34 | 0.39 | 0.42 | 7 | |
Ningxia | 0.41 | 0.39 | 0.30 | 0.32 | 0.52 | 0.83 | 0.89 | 0.93 | 0.35 | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.48 | 3 | |
Xinjiang | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.29 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.31 | 0.38 | 0.30 | 19 |
Provinces/Provincial Power Grids | Abatement Costs | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (Yuan/ton in 2013 Price) | Rank | CV | Rank | |
Beijing | 711 | 3 | 0.142 | 12 |
Tianjin | 594 | 20 | 0.155 | 9 |
Hebei | 615 | 13 | 0.087 | 20 |
Shanxi | 590 | 21 | 0.188 | 6 |
Inner Mongolia | 560 | 25 | 0.039 | 27 |
Liaoning | 612 | 14 | 0.055 | 24 |
Jilin | 558 | 26 | 0.093 | 16 |
Heilongjiang | 606 | 15 | 0.041 | 26 |
Shanghai | 560 | 24 | 0.179 | 8 |
Jiangsu | 619 | 12 | 0.052 | 25 |
Zhejiang | 694 | 4 | 0.023 | 30 |
Anhui | 464 | 29 | 0.386 | 2 |
Fujian | 656 | 6 | 0.089 | 18 |
Jiangxi | 628 | 11 | 0.079 | 21 |
Shandong | 631 | 10 | 0.093 | 17 |
Henan | 603 | 18 | 0.065 | 23 |
Hubei | 654 | 7 | 0.104 | 15 |
Hunan | 650 | 8 | 0.089 | 19 |
Guangdong | 711 | 2 | 0.026 | 28 |
Guangxi | 674 | 5 | 0.153 | 10 |
Hainan | 722 | 1 | 0.147 | 11 |
Chongqing | 646 | 9 | 0.296 | 4 |
Sichuan | 597 | 19 | 0.118 | 14 |
Guizhou | 466 | 28 | 0.332 | 3 |
Yunnan | 569 | 23 | 0.137 | 13 |
Shaannxi | 605 | 17 | 0.068 | 22 |
Gansu | 578 | 22 | 0.182 | 7 |
Qinghai | 512 | 27 | 0.271 | 5 |
Ningxia | 444 | 30 | 0.388 | 1 |
Xinjiang | 605 | 16 | 0.024 | 29 |
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Yan, Q.; Wang, Y.; Baležentis, T.; Sun, Y.; Streimikiene, D. Energy-Related CO2 Emission in China’s Provincial Thermal Electricity Generation: Driving Factors and Possibilities for Abatement. Energies 2018, 11, 1096. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11051096
Yan Q, Wang Y, Baležentis T, Sun Y, Streimikiene D. Energy-Related CO2 Emission in China’s Provincial Thermal Electricity Generation: Driving Factors and Possibilities for Abatement. Energies. 2018; 11(5):1096. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11051096
Chicago/Turabian StyleYan, Qingyou, Yaxian Wang, Tomas Baležentis, Yikai Sun, and Dalia Streimikiene. 2018. "Energy-Related CO2 Emission in China’s Provincial Thermal Electricity Generation: Driving Factors and Possibilities for Abatement" Energies 11, no. 5: 1096. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11051096