Hydrogen Generation through Solar Photocatalytic Processes: A Review of the Configuration and the Properties of Effective Metal-Based Semiconductor Nanomaterials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Photocatalyst Properties
2.1. Thermodynamic and Kinetic Requirements for Water Splitting Reaction
2.2. Hydrogen Generation Efficiency
- size and shape tuning of the photocatalyst particles (water photosplitting and photoreforming);
- band gap engineering of the photocatalysts (water photosplitting and photoreforming);
- use of suitable sacrificial electron donors (photoreforming).
3. Configurations of Photocatalytic Materials for Hydrogen Generation
3.1. Photocatalytic Water Splitting
3.1.1. Metal-Semiconductor Heterojunctions
3.1.2. Semiconductor-Semiconductor Junctions
3.2. Photocatalytic Reforming of Organics
3.2.1. General Remarks
3.2.2. Reaction Mechanism
3.2.3. Materials
4. Operating Conditions Affecting Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation
4.1. Particle Size
4.2. Structure and Morphology
4.3. Surface
4.4. Co-Catalyst
4.5. pH of the Solution
4.6. Operating Temperature
5. Conclusions
- proper band gap energy and band potentials,
- photostability in aqueous solution;
- high crystallinity;
- high specific photoactivity (>104µmoles H2/h·g).
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Photocatalyst | Band Gap (eV) | Wavelength (nm) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
TiO2 (anatase)–TiO2 (rutile) | 2.78 | λ > 300 | [50,66] |
Tantalates–NiO | 3.6–4.0 | λ > 310 | [67] |
Perovskites–NiOx | 3.2–4.7 | λ < 350 | [22] |
Noble metal/TiO2–CdS | N/A | λ > 400 | [68] |
(Ga0.88Zn0.12)(N0.88O0.12)–Rh2-xCrxO3 | 2.6 | λ > 400 | [22] |
Cu1.94S–ZnxCd1-xS(0 ≤ x ≤ 1) | 2.57–3.88 | λ > 420 | [69] |
CdS–ZnS | N/A | λ > 420 | [70] |
CdSe/CdS–MoS3 | 1.75–2.44 | 450 | [71,72] |
MoS2/CuInS2 | N/A | λ > 420 | [73] |
Cu2O/CuO | 1.54–2.01 | λ > 400 | [74] |
Ni3N/CdS | 2.54 | λ > 420 | [75] |
BaZrO3/BaTaO2N | 1.8 | λ > 420 | [76] |
Ir/CoOx/Ta3N5–Rh,Ru/SrTiO3 | ~2.1 | λ > 420 | [77] |
Pt/BaZrO3–BaTaO2N | 1.8–1.9 | λ > 420 | [78] |
TaOxN: Tantalum oxynitride | |||
Ru,Rh/SrTiO3–BiVO4 | N/A | λ > 420 | [79] |
WO3/BiVO4 | ~2.4 | λ > 420 | [80] |
CdS-ZnO/RGO | N/A | λ > 400 | [81] |
RGO: reduced graphene oxide | |||
CdS-TaON/RGO | 2.4–2.5 | λ > 420 | [82] |
Sulfide based semiconductors | 2.0–2.3 | λ > 420 | [22] |
(µmoles H2/h·g) | Material | Sacrificial Agent | Irradiation Type | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
>4.3 × 104 | metal/niobates | methanol | UV-A | [126] |
1.1 × 104 | Sr/tantalates | methanol | UV-A | [127] |
6.3 × 104 | Ni/CdSnanorods | ethanol | visible light | [128] |
5.6 × 104 | CdS/RGO | lactic acid | visible light | [129] |
4.0 × 104 | Pt/CdSe-CdS | isopropanol | visible light | [130] |
>3.7 × 104 | N/Zn,Ga-mixed oxide-Rh/Cr2O3 | methanol | visible light | [131] |
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Clarizia, L.; Russo, D.; Di Somma, I.; Andreozzi, R.; Marotta, R. Hydrogen Generation through Solar Photocatalytic Processes: A Review of the Configuration and the Properties of Effective Metal-Based Semiconductor Nanomaterials. Energies 2017, 10, 1624. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10101624
Clarizia L, Russo D, Di Somma I, Andreozzi R, Marotta R. Hydrogen Generation through Solar Photocatalytic Processes: A Review of the Configuration and the Properties of Effective Metal-Based Semiconductor Nanomaterials. Energies. 2017; 10(10):1624. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10101624
Chicago/Turabian StyleClarizia, Laura, Danilo Russo, Ilaria Di Somma, Roberto Andreozzi, and Raffaele Marotta. 2017. "Hydrogen Generation through Solar Photocatalytic Processes: A Review of the Configuration and the Properties of Effective Metal-Based Semiconductor Nanomaterials" Energies 10, no. 10: 1624. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10101624