Impact of Different Driving Cycles and Operating Conditions on CO2 Emissions and Energy Management Strategies of a Euro-6 Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Tested Vehicle
- Electric Vehicle (EV): whenever the ICE would operate in an inefficient range, such as at very low load levels, the ICE is turned off and the traction power is demanded to the MG2, as illustrated in Figure 1;
- Parallel Hybrid (PH): at higher load levels the ICE is enabled and it supports the vehicle driving, allowing the powertrain to operate in two different ways depending on battery SOC and on the accelerator pedal position:
- Smart Charge (SC): the ICE operating points are shifted at higher load levels than those required for the vehicle propulsion, closer to the optimal efficiency area, and the power exceeding the vehicle propulsion needs is used to recharge the battery through the generator MG1, as depicted in Figure 2 by the path “A”;
- Electric Boost (E-Boost): in order to support the engine during sudden load demands, the high voltage battery provides an extra power contribution to the MG2, represented by the path “B”, as illustrated in Figure 3.
2.2. Test Conditions
2.3. Test Protocol
3. Results
3.1. CO2 Emissions
3.2. Analysis of the EMS Logic
- Vehicle speeds are in the medium range (below 60 km/h) and the accelerations are very low (below 0.5 m/s2);
- Accelerations are moderate (below 1 m/s2) and speeds are low (below 20 km/h) [27].
3.3. Analysis of the Impact of the Cold Start on the EMS Logics
4. Conclusions
- The specific energy demand increases of about 50%;
- The electric drive reduces of about 13%, leading to a 30% increase of CO2 emissions;
- The effect of the Cold start on CO2 emissions is reduced for WLTP to a percentage growth slightly lower than 4%, from about 12% for the NEDC.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Acronyms
4WD | Four Wheel Drive |
E-Boost | Electric Boost |
eCVT | Electric Continuous Variable Transmission |
EMS | Energy Management System |
EU | European Union |
EV | Electric Vehicle |
FCV | Fuel Cell Vehicle |
HEV | Hybrid Electric Vehicle |
ICE | Internal Combustion Engine |
JRC | Joint Research Centre |
MG | Motor Generator |
NEDC | New European Driving Cycle |
NiMH | Nickel Metal Hydrate |
OBD | On Board Diagnostic |
PH | Parallel Hybrid |
RL | Road Load |
SC | Smart Charge |
SI | Spark Ignition |
SOC | State Of Charge |
TA | Type Approval |
VELA | Vehicle Emissions Laboratory |
WLTC | Worldwide Harmonized Light duty Test Cycle |
WLTP | Worldwide Harmonized Light duty Test Procedure |
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Technical Data | |
---|---|
Curb Mass | 1120 kg |
Gross Mass | 1565 kg |
ICE | Spark Ignition Naturally Aspirated |
Displacement: 1.5 L | |
Rated power: 55 kW @ 4800 rpm | |
Rated torque: 111 Nm @ 3600–4800 rpm | |
MG1-MG2 | Permanent Magnet Synchronous motor |
Maximum output power: 45 kW | |
Maximum output torque: 169 Nm | |
Battery | Type: NiMH |
Capacity: 6.5 Ah | |
Nominal voltage: 144 V | |
Energy: 1 kWh |
Unit | NEDC | WLTP | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Test Mass | - | kg | 1130 | 1325 |
Coast Down Coefficients | F0 | N | 61 | 120.5 |
F1 | N/(km/h) | 0.19 | 0.33 | |
F2 | N/(km/h)2 | 0.0269 | 0.0302 |
NEDC | WLTC | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
SOC | High | Low | High | Low |
−7 °C | - | - | x | x |
COLD | x | x | x | x |
HOT | x | x | x | x |
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Share and Cite
Cubito, C.; Millo, F.; Boccardo, G.; Di Pierro, G.; Ciuffo, B.; Fontaras, G.; Serra, S.; Otura Garcia, M.; Trentadue, G. Impact of Different Driving Cycles and Operating Conditions on CO2 Emissions and Energy Management Strategies of a Euro-6 Hybrid Electric Vehicle. Energies 2017, 10, 1590. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10101590
Cubito C, Millo F, Boccardo G, Di Pierro G, Ciuffo B, Fontaras G, Serra S, Otura Garcia M, Trentadue G. Impact of Different Driving Cycles and Operating Conditions on CO2 Emissions and Energy Management Strategies of a Euro-6 Hybrid Electric Vehicle. Energies. 2017; 10(10):1590. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10101590
Chicago/Turabian StyleCubito, Claudio, Federico Millo, Giulio Boccardo, Giuseppe Di Pierro, Biagio Ciuffo, Georgios Fontaras, Simone Serra, Marcos Otura Garcia, and Germana Trentadue. 2017. "Impact of Different Driving Cycles and Operating Conditions on CO2 Emissions and Energy Management Strategies of a Euro-6 Hybrid Electric Vehicle" Energies 10, no. 10: 1590. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10101590