Intermittent Smoothing Approaches for Wind Power Output: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- Fluctuations of wind power resulted in the change in grid frequency.
- (2)
- The reactive power of grid consumed by wind induction generator is related directly to the active power generation. Active power generation is varied by alteration in wind speed and hence absorbs reactive power, essential to voltage variation at the buses of the power grid.
- (3)
- Both voltage flicker and frequency fluctuation yield low quality of power generation and results in instability issues of power generation system, particularly when there are high sensitive loads that cannot tolerate frequent fluctuation of high voltage and frequency variations.
2. Problems Related to Intermittent Wind Power Sources
2.1. Voltage Fluctuation
2.1.1. Reverse Power Flow Due to Voltage Rise
2.1.2. Voltage Flicker
2.2. Unintentional Islanding
2.3. Power Fluctuations in Grid
2.4. Influence on Grid Frequency
3. Intermittent Smoothing Approaches for Wind Output
3.1. Smoothing by Using Pitch Control
3.2. Smoothing by Utilizing Energy Storage System
3.2.1. Flywheel Energy Storage System
3.2.2. Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)
3.2.3. Superconductive Magnetic Energy Storage SYSTEM (SMESS)
3.2.4. Ultra-Capacitor
3.3. Curtailment of Active Power by maximum power point tracking (MPPT) Control
4. Control Strategy for BESS
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions and Future Recommendations
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Pitch Control | Flywheel | Battery | Capacitors/SMES/EDLC | MPPT Method |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Response time of Intermittent smoothing approach | Fast | Fast | Fast | Very Fast | Fast |
Energy Density | N/A | Low | High | Low | N/A |
Power Density | N/A | High | High | High | N/A |
Life Period | Large | Very Large | Large | Large | Large |
Ability to smooth fast ups ramp and downs ramp | Yes (ups ramp only) | Yes | Yes | Yes very fast | Yes |
Efficiency in mitigating short term wind variation | High | High | High | High | High |
Ability to mitigate voltage/frequency variations | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Reliability | High | High | High | Very High | High |
Cost | Low | High | High | Very High | Low |
Size of wind farm | few MW to large MW scale | Large MW scale | 0 to large MW scale | 0 to few MW scale | 0 to few KW scale |
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Jabir, M.; Azil Illias, H.; Raza, S.; Mokhlis, H. Intermittent Smoothing Approaches for Wind Power Output: A Review. Energies 2017, 10, 1572. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10101572
Jabir M, Azil Illias H, Raza S, Mokhlis H. Intermittent Smoothing Approaches for Wind Power Output: A Review. Energies. 2017; 10(10):1572. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10101572
Chicago/Turabian StyleJabir, Muhammad, Hazlee Azil Illias, Safdar Raza, and Hazlie Mokhlis. 2017. "Intermittent Smoothing Approaches for Wind Power Output: A Review" Energies 10, no. 10: 1572. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10101572