Factors Affecting Parent’s Perception on Air Quality—From the Individual to the Community Level
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Subjects
2.2. Perceived Air Quality and Scientifically-Monitored Air Quality
2.3. Quality Control
2.4. Data Analysis
2.5. Ethical Issues
3. Results
3.1. General Information of Subjects
3.2. Analysis of Scientific Measurements of Air Quality in Wuhan
3.2.1. Annual Excellent Rate of Air Quality
3.2.2. Variations of Average Air Pollutant Concentrations
3.2.3. Analysis of Parents’ Perception of Air Quality
3.3. The Effect of Community-Level Factors on Air Quality Perception
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Limitations of Our Research
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | Community (n = 453) | Hospital (n = 412) | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Percentage | N | Percentage | ||
Gender | |||||
Male | 181 | 40.0 | 187 | 45.4 | 0.11 |
Female | 272 | 60.0 | 225 | 54.6 | |
Age Group (years) | |||||
18–29 | 20 | 4.4 | 160 | 38.8 | <0.01 |
30–39 | 263 | 58.1 | 188 | 45.6 | |
40 and above | 170 | 37.5 | 64 | 15.5 | |
Residency Status | |||||
Rural | 52 | 11.5 | 229 | 55.6 | <0.01 |
Urban | 401 | 88.5 | 183 | 44.4 | |
Education Level | |||||
Elementary school | 28 | 6.2 | 35 | 8.5 | <0.01 |
Secondary school | 85 | 18.8 | 263 | 63.8 | |
College and above | 340 | 75.1 | 114 | 27.7 | |
Annual Family Income (Yuan) | |||||
<50,000 | 80 | 20.4 | 206 | 50.0 | <0.01 |
50,000–15,000 | 251 | 64.0 | 189 | 45.9 | |
>15,000 | 61 | 15.6 | 17 | 4.1 | |
Health Condition of Child | |||||
Good | 348 | 76.8 | 166 | 40.3 | <0.01 |
Moderate | 97 | 21.4 | 174 | 42.2 | |
Poor | 8 | 1.8 | 72 | 17.5 | |
Degree of Concern of Air Quality | |||||
Rather concerned | 17 | 3.7 | 16 | 3.9 | <0.05 |
Concerned | 153 | 33.8 | 174 | 42.2 | |
Highly concerned | 283 | 62.5 | 222 | 53.9 |
Item | Total N (%) | Air Quality Perception | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Better (N/%) | Worse (N/%) | ||||
69 (15.7) | 371 (84.3) | ||||
Gender | |||||
Male | 178 (40.4) | 31 (44.9) | 147 (39.6) | Ref. | Ref. |
Female | 262 (59.6) | 38 (55.1) | 224 (60.4) | 1.243 (0.741, 2.087) | 0.947 (0.539, 1.666) |
Age Group (years) | |||||
18–29 | 16 (3.6) | 2 (2.9) | 14 (3.8) | Ref. | Ref. |
30–39 | 256 (58.2) | 32 (46.4) | 224 (60.4) | 1.000 (0.217, 4.605) | 1.384 (0.280, 6.834) |
40 and above | 168 (38.2) | 35 (50.7) | 133 (35.8) | 0.543 (0.118, 2.501) | 0.785 (0.158, 3.889) |
Residential Status | |||||
Rural | 52 (11.8) | 9 (13.0) | 43 (11.6) | Ref. | Ref. |
Urban | 388 (88.2) | 60 (87.0) | 328 (88.4) | 1.144 (0.530, 2.470) | 1.007 (0.529, 1.918) |
Education Level | |||||
Elementary school | 28 (6.4) | 11 (15.9) | 17 (4.6) | Ref. | Ref. |
Secondary school | 83 (18.9) | 12 (17.4) | 71 (19.1) | 3.828 (1.445, 10.144) | 4.164 (1.491, 11.628) ** |
College and above | 329 (74.8) | 46 (66.7) | 283 (76.3) | 3.981 (1.753, 9.038) ** | 4.034 (1.610, 10.110) ** |
Child Health Condition | |||||
Good | 336 (76.4) | 51 (73.9) | 285 (76.8) | Ref. | Ref. |
Moderate | 96 (21.8) | 16 (23.2) | 80 (21.6) | 0.895 (0.484, 1.653) | 0.956 (0.503, 1.814) |
Poor | 8 (1.8) | 2 (2.9) | 6 (1.6) | 0.537 (0.105, 2.734) | 0.570 (0.106, 3.053) |
Annual Family Income (Yuan) | |||||
<50,000 | 79 (18.0) | 15 (21.7) | 64 (17.3) | Ref. | Ref. |
50,000–150,000 | 242 (55.0) | 39 (56.5) | 203 (54.7) | 1.220 (0.632, 2.357) | 1.207 (0.609, 2.393) |
>150,000 | 61 (13.9) | 7 (10.1) | 54 (14.5) | 1.808 (0.687, 4.758 ) | 1.523 (0.557, 4.162) |
Unknown | 58 (13.1) | 8 (11.6) | 50 (13.5) | 1.465 (0.575, 3.729 ) | 1.759 (0.642, 4.817) |
Degree of Concern of Air Quality | |||||
Rather concerned | 16 (3.6) | 2 (2.9) | 14 (3.8) | Ref. | Ref. |
Concerned | 146 (33.2) | 31 (44.9) | 115 (31.0) | 0.530 (0.114, 2.457) | 0.481 (0.098, 2.352) |
Highly concerned | 278 (63.2) | 36 (52.2) | 242 (65.2) | 0.960 (0.210, 4.401) | 0.838 (0.172, 4.076) |
Item | Total N (%) | Air Quality Perception | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Better (N/%) | Worse (N/%) | ||||
77 (25.8) | 222 (74.2) | ||||
Gender | |||||
Male | 133 (44.5) | 36 (46.8) | 97 (43.7) | Ref. | Ref. |
Female | 166 (55.5) | 41 (53.2) | 125 (56.3) | 1.132 (0.672, 1.904) | 1.230 (0.685, 2.208) |
Age Group (years) | |||||
18–29 | 109 (36.5) | 39 (50.6) | 70 (31.5) | Ref. | Ref. |
30–39 | 142 (47.5) | 31 (40.3) | 111 (50.0) | 1.995 (1.141, 3.487) * | 1.922 (1.024, 3.605) * |
40 and above | 48 (16.0) | 7 (9.1) | 41 (18.5) | 3.263 (1.337, 7.963) ** | 3.252 (1.170, 9.040) * |
Residency Status | |||||
Rural | 144 (48.2) | 47 (61.0) | 97 (43.7) | Ref. | Ref. |
Urban | 155 (51.8) | 30 (39.0) | 125 (56.3) | 2.019 (1.189, 3.427) ** | 1.007 (0.529, 1.918) |
Education Level | |||||
Elementary school | 21 (7.0) | 10 (13.0) | 11 (5.0) | Ref. | Ref. |
Secondary school | 180 (60.2) | 57 (74.0) | 123 (55.4) | 1.962 (0.788, 4.884) | 1.879 (0.678, 5.210) |
College and above | 98 (32.8) | 10 (13.0) | 88 (39.6) | 7.997 (2.722, 23.489) ** | 7.598 (2.244, 25.732) ** |
Child Health Condition | |||||
Good | 117 (39.1) | 42 (54.5) | 75 (33.8) | Ref. | Ref. |
Moderate | 130 (43.5) | 31 (40.3) | 99 (44.6) | 1.788 (1.029, 3.108) * | 1.779 (0.978, 3.237) |
Poor | 52 (17.4) | 4 (5.2) | 48 (21.6) | 6.720 (2.265, 19.941) ** | 6.864 (2.212, 21.302) ** |
Annual Family Income (Yuan) | |||||
<50,000 | 134 (44.8) | 42 (54.5) | 92 (41.4) | Ref. | Ref. |
50,000–150,000 | 150 (50.2) | 33 (42.9) | 117 (52.7) | 1.619 (0.951, 2.754) | 1.180 (0.655, 2.127) |
>150,000 | 15 (5.0) | 2 (2.6) | 13 (5.9) | 2.967 (0.641, 13.742) | 1.699 (0.334, 8.645) |
Degree of Concern of Air Quality | |||||
Rather concerned | 10 (3.3) | 4 (5.2) | 6 (2.7) | Ref. | Ref. |
Concerned | 113 (37.8) | 29 (37.7) | 84 (37.8) | 1.932 (0.509, 7.333) | 1.071 (0.254, 4.517) |
Highly concerned | 176 (58.9) | 44 (57.1) | 132 (59.5) | 2.001 (0.540, 7.420) | 0.956 (0.233, 3.921) |
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Guo, Y.; Liu, F.; Lu, Y.; Mao, Z.; Lu, H.; Wu, Y.; Chu, Y.; Yu, L.; Liu, Y.; Ren, M.; et al. Factors Affecting Parent’s Perception on Air Quality—From the Individual to the Community Level. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 493. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13050493
Guo Y, Liu F, Lu Y, Mao Z, Lu H, Wu Y, Chu Y, Yu L, Liu Y, Ren M, et al. Factors Affecting Parent’s Perception on Air Quality—From the Individual to the Community Level. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(5):493. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13050493
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Yulin, Fengfeng Liu, Yuanan Lu, Zongfu Mao, Hanson Lu, Yanyan Wu, Yuanyuan Chu, Lichen Yu, Yisi Liu, Meng Ren, and et al. 2016. "Factors Affecting Parent’s Perception on Air Quality—From the Individual to the Community Level" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 5: 493. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13050493