An Exploratory Study Provides Insights into MMP9 and Aβ Levels in the Vitreous and Blood across Different Ages and in a Subset of AMD Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Scrutiny of the Control and AMD Cohorts Revealed a Mixed Picture of Age, Gender, Ocular History and Medication as Well as Lifestyle Demographics
2.2. Aβ and MMP9 Levels in the Vitreous and Blood of Control Subjects and AMD Patients Showed Variable Levels across the Lifespan, Which Was Unrelated with Advanced Age or Retinopathy
2.3. Aβ and MMP9 Levels in the Vitreous and Blood Were Unrelated to Mean Arterial Pressure and Smoking
2.4. A Bioinformatics Analysis Revealed Promising MMP9 and APP/Aβ Partners for Further Scrutiny, Many of Which Are Already Linked with Retinopathy
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Ethical Considerations for Recruiting Participants
5.2. Study Cohort Eligibility and Clinical Examination
5.3. Sample Processing
5.4. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Quantifying MMP9
5.5. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Quantifying Aβ
5.6. Bioinformatics Analysis
5.7. Statistical Analyses
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Inclusion Criteria | Exclusion Criteria |
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Age ≥ 50 Ethnicity: caucasian origin Control group Diagnosis confirmed by a consultant ophthalmologist for at least one of the following pathologies: • Cataract; • Epiretinal membrane; • Macular hole; • Vitreous floaters; • Vitreomacular traction syndrome. Experimental group Diagnosis confirmed by a consultant ophthalmologist for AMD: • Dry AMD; • Wet AMD. • Previous Wet AMD/Scar • AMD classification according to AREDS categories 2–4: Category 2: multiple small drusen/single intermediate drusen (63–124 µm) or RPE abnormalities. Category 3: extensive intermediate drusen, at least one large druse (≥125 µm) or GA not involving centre of fovea. Category 4: GA involving fovea and/or CNV. | Any ocular condition in which the vitreous proteome may be subject to systemic influence. Diagnosis confirmed by a consultant ophthalmologist for any of the following pathologies: • Diabetic retinopathy; • Retinal haemorrhage; • Retinal detachment; • Vitreous haemorrhage; • Retinal vein occlusion; • Wet AMD with vitreous haemorrhage. Age < 50 Participants lacking capacity to consent. |
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Lynn, S.A.; Soubigou, F.; Dewing, J.M.; Smith, A.; Ballingall, J.; Sass, T.; Nica, I.; Watkins, C.; Gupta, B.; Almuhtaseb, H.; et al. An Exploratory Study Provides Insights into MMP9 and Aβ Levels in the Vitreous and Blood across Different Ages and in a Subset of AMD Patients. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 14603. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314603
Lynn SA, Soubigou F, Dewing JM, Smith A, Ballingall J, Sass T, Nica I, Watkins C, Gupta B, Almuhtaseb H, et al. An Exploratory Study Provides Insights into MMP9 and Aβ Levels in the Vitreous and Blood across Different Ages and in a Subset of AMD Patients. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(23):14603. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314603
Chicago/Turabian StyleLynn, Savannah A., Flavie Soubigou, Jennifer M. Dewing, Amanda Smith, Joanna Ballingall, Thea Sass, Isabela Nica, Catrin Watkins, Bhaskar Gupta, Hussein Almuhtaseb, and et al. 2022. "An Exploratory Study Provides Insights into MMP9 and Aβ Levels in the Vitreous and Blood across Different Ages and in a Subset of AMD Patients" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23: 14603. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314603