TiO2 Nanoparticles and Their Effects on Eukaryotic Cells: A Double-Edged Sword
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Molecular Mechanisms of TiO2 Toxicity
3. TiO2 NPs Hazard for Human Health
3.1. Effects of TiO2 NPs on Nervous System
3.2. Cardiovascular Effects of TiO2 NPs
3.3. Effects of TiO2 NPs on Pulmonary System
3.4. Effects of TiO2 NPs on Liver, Spleen and Kidneys
3.5. Effects of TiO2 NPs on Alimentary Tract
3.6. Skin Toxicity of TiO2 NPs
3.7. Embryotoxicity of TiO2 NPs
3.8. Potential Clinical Use of TiO2 NPs
4. TiO2 NPs and Other Eukaryotes—Toxic or Not?
4.1. TiO2 NPs and Their Effect on Aquatic Organisms
4.2. TiO2 NPs and Agricultural Plants
5. Conclusions and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gojznikar, J.; Zdravković, B.; Vidak, M.; Leskošek, B.; Ferk, P. TiO2 Nanoparticles and Their Effects on Eukaryotic Cells: A Double-Edged Sword. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 12353. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012353
Gojznikar J, Zdravković B, Vidak M, Leskošek B, Ferk P. TiO2 Nanoparticles and Their Effects on Eukaryotic Cells: A Double-Edged Sword. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(20):12353. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012353
Chicago/Turabian StyleGojznikar, Jan, Bogdan Zdravković, Marko Vidak, Brane Leskošek, and Polonca Ferk. 2022. "TiO2 Nanoparticles and Their Effects on Eukaryotic Cells: A Double-Edged Sword" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 20: 12353. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012353