Characterization and Genome Study of Novel Lytic Bacteriophages against Prevailing Saprophytic Bacterial Microflora of Minimally Processed Plant-Based Food Products
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Microbiological Analysis of the RUC, MLSC, and MLSB Products
2.2. Evaluation of the Lytic Activity of Phages against Bacterial Hosts
2.3. TEM Morphology of Selected Bacteriophages
2.4. Analysis of Phage Genomes
2.5. Effect of Selected Environmental Factors on the Preservation of the Lytic Activity of Phages
2.5.1. Influence of Temperature on the Lytic Activity of Phages
2.5.2. Influence of pH on the Lytic Activity of Phages
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Isolation and Taxonomic Identification of the Bacterial Strains from Food Products
3.2. Bacteriophage Isolation, Purification, and Propagation
3.3. Evaluation of the Lytic Activity of Phages against Bacterial Hosts
3.4. Determination of Morphological Features of Selected Phages
3.5. Extraction of Bacteriophage Genomic DNA
3.6. Genome Sequencing and Bioinformatics Analysis
3.7. Influence of Selected Factors on the Preservation of the Lytic Activity of Phages
3.8. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bacterial Strain Code | Bacterial Strain Number | Classification acc. to Bergey’s | Motility at a Temp. of 37 °C | Lactose Fermentation Capability | Bacteria Identification acc. to 16S rRNA Sequencing (GenBank No.) | Bacteria Identification acc. to MALDI-TOF MS | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gram Staining Result | Cell Shape | Oxygen Tolerance | Spore Formation | ||||||
RUC-09 | KKP 3655 | Gram (−) | bacilli | relative anaerobes | non-spore-forming | motile | lactose-positive | Citrobacter freundii (MZ827001) | Citrobacter freundii |
MLSC-11 | KKP 3082 | Gram (−) | bacilli | relative anaerobes | non-spore-forming | motile | lactose-positive | Enterobacter cloacae (MZ827006) | Enterobacter sp. |
MLSC-21 | KKP 3083 | Gram (−) | bacilli | relative anaerobes | non-spore-forming | motile | lactose-positive | Enterobacter ludwigii (MZ827002) | Klebsiella oxytoca |
MLSB-04 | KKP 3084 | Gram (−) | bacilli | relative anaerobes | non-spore-forming | motile | lactose-positive | Serratia fonticola (MZ827668) | Serratia fonticola |
Bacterial Strain | Phage Strain | Phage Titer (MF) in the Lysate (PFU mL−1) | OD600 of Bacterial Culture at Which MOI 1.0 |
---|---|---|---|
Citrobacter freundii KKP 3655 | Citrobacter phage KKP 3664 | 6.2 × 109 | 0.302 |
Enterobacter cloacae KKP 3082 | Enterobacter phage KKP 3262 | 1.4 × 1010 | 0.262 |
Enterobacter ludwigii KKP 3083 | Enterobacter phage KKP 3263 | 7.2 × 108 | 0.234 |
Serratia fonticola KKP 3084 | Serratia phage KKP 3264 | 4.4 × 108 | 0.208 |
Bacterial Strain | Control Culture | MOI 1.0 | MOI 0.1 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔOD | μ [h−1] | ΔOD | μ [h−1] | ΔOD | μ [h−1] | |
Citrobacter freundii KKP 3655 | 0.255 | 0.031 | 0.136 | 0.017 | 0.273 | 0.025 |
Enterobacter cloacae KKP 3082 | 0.312 | 0.026 | 0.147 | 0.019 | 0.261 | 0.023 |
Enterobacter ludwigii KKP 3083 | 0.486 | 0.035 | 0.160 | 0.014 | 0.206 | 0.022 |
Serratia fonticola KKP 3084 | 0.464 | 0.039 | 0.102 | 0.008 | 0.173 | 0.019 |
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Wójcicki, M.; Średnicka, P.; Błażejak, S.; Gientka, I.; Kowalczyk, M.; Emanowicz, P.; Świder, O.; Sokołowska, B.; Juszczuk-Kubiak, E. Characterization and Genome Study of Novel Lytic Bacteriophages against Prevailing Saprophytic Bacterial Microflora of Minimally Processed Plant-Based Food Products. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 12460. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212460
Wójcicki M, Średnicka P, Błażejak S, Gientka I, Kowalczyk M, Emanowicz P, Świder O, Sokołowska B, Juszczuk-Kubiak E. Characterization and Genome Study of Novel Lytic Bacteriophages against Prevailing Saprophytic Bacterial Microflora of Minimally Processed Plant-Based Food Products. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(22):12460. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212460
Chicago/Turabian StyleWójcicki, Michał, Paulina Średnicka, Stanisław Błażejak, Iwona Gientka, Monika Kowalczyk, Paulina Emanowicz, Olga Świder, Barbara Sokołowska, and Edyta Juszczuk-Kubiak. 2021. "Characterization and Genome Study of Novel Lytic Bacteriophages against Prevailing Saprophytic Bacterial Microflora of Minimally Processed Plant-Based Food Products" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22: 12460. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212460