Empagliflozin Ameliorates Free Fatty Acid Induced-Lipotoxicity in Renal Proximal Tubular Cells via the PPARγ/CD36 Pathway in Obese Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Empagliflozin Attenuated HFD-Induced Body Weight Gain and Insulin Resistance
2.2. Empagliflozin Attenuated HFD-Induced Lipid Accumulation in Mouse Kidneys
2.3. Empagliflozin Attenuated HFD-Induced CD36 Expression and Cell Apoptosis in Mouse Kidneys
2.4. Empagliflozin Decreased Palmitic Acid-Induced CD36 Expression and Cell Death in a Proximal Tubular Cell Line (HK-2)
2.5. Empagliflozin Abolished HFD- and PA-Induced Inflammation in Proximal Tubular Cells
2.6. Empagliflozin Ameliorated Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR)-γ Expression and Phosphorylation in HFD-Treated Kidneys and PA-Treated HK-2 Cells
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animal Model
4.2. Cell Cultures
4.3. Cell Viability
4.4. Western Blotting
4.5. Immunohistochemistry and Immunofluorescent Staining
4.6. Quantitative Reverse-Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction
4.7. Oil Red O Staining
4.8. Terminal Deoxynucleotide Transferase-Mediated dUTP Nick End Labeling Assay
4.9. Measurement of Metabolic Parameters
- (1)
- Fasting blood glucose levels were determined using a glucometer (Accu-Chek® Active, Roche, Mannheim, Germany) in a blood sample collected from the tail vein after 6 h of fasting.
- (2)
- IPGTT was performed at week 12 after fasting for 16 h. Glucose (2 g/kg BW) was intraperitoneally administered, and blood was collected from the tail tip of mice. Glucose concentration was measured using a glucometer, as described previously, at time point 0 (prior to glucose administration). In addition, blood glucose levels were assessed at 5, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after intraperitoneal injection.
- (3)
- For performing the IPITT, food was withdrawn for 4 h, and then mice were intraperitoneally administered insulin (0.75 U/kg) at time 0. Blood sugar was assessed at 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after intraperitoneal injection. [47]
4.10. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Huang, C.-C.; Chou, C.-A.; Chen, W.-Y.; Yang, J.-L.; Lee, W.-C.; Chen, J.-B.; Lee, C.-T.; Li, L.-C. Empagliflozin Ameliorates Free Fatty Acid Induced-Lipotoxicity in Renal Proximal Tubular Cells via the PPARγ/CD36 Pathway in Obese Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 12408. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212408
Huang C-C, Chou C-A, Chen W-Y, Yang J-L, Lee W-C, Chen J-B, Lee C-T, Li L-C. Empagliflozin Ameliorates Free Fatty Acid Induced-Lipotoxicity in Renal Proximal Tubular Cells via the PPARγ/CD36 Pathway in Obese Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(22):12408. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212408
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Chiang-Chi, Chia-An Chou, Wei-Yu Chen, Jenq-Lin Yang, Wen-Chin Lee, Jin-Bor Chen, Chien-Te Lee, and Lung-Chih Li. 2021. "Empagliflozin Ameliorates Free Fatty Acid Induced-Lipotoxicity in Renal Proximal Tubular Cells via the PPARγ/CD36 Pathway in Obese Mice" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22: 12408. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212408