Impact of the Spectral Composition of Kilovoltage X-rays on High-Z Nanoparticle-Assisted Dose Enhancement
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Analytical Calculation of Dose Enhancement Factor
3.2. Monte-Carlo Simulation of X-ray Spectra
3.3. Model Tumor Simulation
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Spectrum Number | Anode Material | Filtration System | Average Energy, keV | Effective Energy, keV | DEF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
300_1 (5) | W | 0.3 mm Be + 0.5 mm Cu | 62.24 | 7.98 | 1.38 |
300_2 (73) | W | 2.9 mm Cu + 1.02 mm Al | 144.93 | 149.34 | 1.39 |
300_3 (74) | W | 4.0 mm Sn + 4.0 mm Al | 186.84 | 191.80 | 1.23 |
300_4 (119) | W | 2.5 mm Cu + 4.0 mm Al | 66.94 | 10.25 | 1.50 |
300_5 (122) | W | 6.5 mm Sn + 4.0 mm Al | 75.09 | 30.59 | 1.99 |
300_6 (124) | W | 4.1 mm Be + 0.4 mm Cu | 102.77 | 83.06 | 1.64 |
300_7 (126) | W | 1.1 mm Be + 0.1 mm Cu | 72.25 | 29.56 | 2.01 |
300_8 (129) | W | 4.1 mm Al | 85.79 | 63.21 | 1.88 |
300_9 (254) | W | 3.0 mm Cu + 4.0 mm Al | 147.06 | 148.12 | 1.38 |
300_10 (260) | W | 5.0 mm Pb + 3.0 mm Sn + 4.0 mm Al | 235.62 | 234.76 | 1.13 |
Cu | ZrO2 | Ag | CeO2 | Gd2O3 | Tm2O3 | HfO2 | Bi2O3 | Au | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
At the surface | |||||||||
DEFmin | 1.02 | 1.03 | 1.05 | 1.06 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.06 | 1.08 | 1.08 |
DEFav | 1.36 | 1.39 | 1.56 | 1.51 | 1.61 | 1.68 | 1.69 | 1.91 | 1.95 |
DEFmax | 1.56 | 1.80 | 2.38 | 2.07 | 2.06 | 1.95 | 1.96 | 2.49 | 2.46 |
At 0.4 cm depth | |||||||||
DEFmin | 1.02 | 1.03 | 1.05 | 1.06 | 1.08 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.13 | 1.13 |
DEFav | 1.42 | 1.46 | 1.64 | 1.57 | 1.68 | 1.77 | 1.79 | 2.05 | 2.09 |
DEFmax | 1.57 | 1.82 | 2.40 | 2.20 | 2.17 | 2.06 | 1.98 | 2.53 | 2.50 |
At 1.0 cm depth | |||||||||
DEFmin | 1.02 | 1.03 | 1.05 | 1.06 | 1.08 | 1.09 | 1.10 | 1.12 | 1.13 |
DEFav | 1.43 | 1.49 | 1.69 | 1.60 | 1.70 | 1.79 | 1.82 | 2.11 | 2.14 |
DEFmax | 1.57 | 1.82 | 2.40 | 2.21 | 2.18 | 2.06 | 1.98 | 2.53 | 2.51 |
At 2.0 cm depth | |||||||||
DEFmin | 1.02 | 1.03 | 1.05 | 1.06 | 1.08 | 1.09 | 1.10 | 1.12 | 1.13 |
DEFav | 1.43 | 1.53 | 1.74 | 1.62 | 1.72 | 1.81 | 1.83 | 2.15 | 2.17 |
DEFmax | 1.58 | 1.82 | 2.40 | 2.21 | 2.18 | 2.06 | 1.99 | 2.53 | 2.50 |
Cu | ZrO2 | Ag | CeO2 | Gd2O3 | Tm2O3 | HfO2 | Bi2O3 | Au | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
At the surface | |||||||||
<1.2 | 53 | 50 | 18 | 15 | 8 | 12 | 13 | 4 | 4 |
1.2–1.4 | 55 | 71 | 75 | 48 | 32 | 28 | 27 | 35 | 34 |
1.4–1.6 | 129 | 73 | 48 | 98 | 60 | 10 | 11 | 4 | 3 |
1.6–1.8 | - | 42 | 37 | 46 | 98 | 110 | 104 | 33 | 18 |
1.8–2.0 | - | 1 | 30 | 25 | 37 | 77 | 82 | 58 | 54 |
2.0–2.2 | - | - | 24 | 5 | 2 | - | - | 45 | 65 |
>2.2 | - | - | 5 | - | - | - | - | 58 | 59 |
At 0.4 cm depth | |||||||||
<1.2 | 21 | 13 | 8 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
1.2–1.4 | 45 | 82 | 44 | 11 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 6 |
1.4–1.6 | 171 | 83 | 77 | 146 | 52 | 4 | 6 | 3 | 3 |
1.6–1.8 | - | 55 | 41 | 38 | 128 | 123 | 101 | 18 | 9 |
1.8–2.0 | - | 4 | 29 | 31 | 43 | 99 | 121 | 77 | 66 |
2.0–2.2 | - | - | 29 | 7 | 5 | 2 | - | 57 | 68 |
>2.2 | - | - | 9 | - | - | - | - | 74 | 84 |
At 1.0 cm depth | |||||||||
<1.2 | 21 | 12 | 8 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
1.2–1.4 | 46 | 47 | 32 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 6 |
1.4–1.6 | 170 | 113 | 58 | 130 | 23 | 4 | 6 | 3 | 3 |
1.6–1.8 | - | 61 | 67 | 54 | 154 | 95 | 58 | 12 | 9 |
1.8–2.0 | - | 4 | 31 | 35 | 46 | 127 | 164 | 38 | 28 |
2.0–2.2 | - | - | 32 | 7 | 5 | 2 | - | 84 | 80 |
>2.2 | - | - | 9 | - | - | - | - | 92 | 110 |
At 2.0 cm depth | |||||||||
<1.2 | 21 | 12 | 8 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
1.2–1.4 | 50 | 35 | 27 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 |
1.4–1.6 | 166 | 105 | 38 | 112 | 13 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 2 |
1.6–1.8 | - | 81 | 62 | 70 | 159 | 67 | 46 | 11 | 9 |
1.8–2.0 | - | 4 | 57 | 35 | 51 | 155 | 176 | 27 | 30 |
2.0–2.2 | - | - | 36 | 9 | 5 | 2 | - | 55 | 46 |
>2.2 | - | - | 9 | - | - | - | - | 131 | 142 |
Cu | ZrO2 | Ag | CeO2 | Gd2O3 | Tm2O3 | HfO2 | Bi2O3 | Au | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cu | 55–87% | 72–85% | 61–67% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | |
ZrO2 | 13–45% | 85–91% | 63–82% | 96–99% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | |
Ag | 15–28% | 9–15% | 23–47% | 46–70% | 67–76% | 68–74% | 99% | 99% | |
CeO2 | 33–39% | 18–37% | 53–73% | 95% | 93–94% | 74–78% | 98% | 99% | |
Gd2O3 | 0% | 1–4% | 30–54% | 5% | 73–87% | 72–85% | 94% | 98% | |
Tm2O3 | 0% | 0% | 24–33% | 6–7% | 13–27% | 64–78% | 95–96% | 98% | |
HfO2 | 0% | 0% | 26–32% | 12–16% | 15–28% | 22–36% | 97–98% | 100% | |
Bi2O3 | 0% | 0% | 1% | 2% | 6% | 4–5% | 2–3% | 81–87% | |
Au | 0% | 0% | 1% | 1% | 2% | 2% | 0% | 13–19% |
Number | Formula | Mass Composition | Atomic Number (Z) | Effective Atomic Number (Z) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Cu | Cu: 100% | ZCu = 29 | 29 |
2 | ZrO2 | Zr: 74% O: 26% | ZZr = 40 ZO = 8 | 36.34 |
3 | Ag | Ag: 100% | ZAg = 47 | 47 |
4 | CeO2 | Ce: 81.4% O: 18.6% | ZCe = 58 ZO = 8 | 59.64 |
5 | Gd2O3 | Gd: 86.8% O: 13.2% | ZGd = 64 ZO = 8 | 62.28 |
6 | Tm2O3 | Tm: 87.6% O: 12.4% | ZTm = 69 ZO = 8 | 67.28 |
7 | HfO2 | Hf: 84.8% O: 15.2% | ZHf = 72 ZO = 8 | 67.99 |
8 | Ta2O5 | Ta: 81.9% O: 18.1% | ZTa = 73 ZO = 8 | 68.12 |
9 | Bi2O3 | Bi: 89.7% O: 10.3% | ZBi = 83 ZO = 8 | 81.26 |
10 | Pt | Pt: 100% | ZPt = 78 | 78 |
11 | Au | Au: 100% | ZAu = 79 | 79 |
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Kolyvanova, M.A.; Belousov, A.V.; Krusanov, G.A.; Isagulieva, A.K.; Morozov, K.V.; Kartseva, M.E.; Salpagarov, M.H.; Krivoshapkin, P.V.; Dement’eva, O.V.; Rudoy, V.M.; et al. Impact of the Spectral Composition of Kilovoltage X-rays on High-Z Nanoparticle-Assisted Dose Enhancement. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 6030. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22116030
Kolyvanova MA, Belousov AV, Krusanov GA, Isagulieva AK, Morozov KV, Kartseva ME, Salpagarov MH, Krivoshapkin PV, Dement’eva OV, Rudoy VM, et al. Impact of the Spectral Composition of Kilovoltage X-rays on High-Z Nanoparticle-Assisted Dose Enhancement. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(11):6030. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22116030
Chicago/Turabian StyleKolyvanova, Maria A., Alexandr V. Belousov, Grigorii A. Krusanov, Alexandra K. Isagulieva, Kirill V. Morozov, Maria E. Kartseva, Magomet H. Salpagarov, Pavel V. Krivoshapkin, Olga V. Dement’eva, Victor M. Rudoy, and et al. 2021. "Impact of the Spectral Composition of Kilovoltage X-rays on High-Z Nanoparticle-Assisted Dose Enhancement" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11: 6030. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22116030