Lipids Nutrients in Parkinson and Alzheimer’s Diseases: Cell Death and Cytoprotection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Mechanisms Common to Neurodegenerative Diseases
2.1. Protein Aggregation and Alteration of Protein Degradation Systems
2.2. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cell Death
2.3. Oxidative Stress
2.4. Inflammation and Immunity
3. Cytoprotector Effects of Vegetable Oil
4. Cytoprotective Effects of Animal Oils
5. Cytoprotective Effects of Functionalized Oil
6. Cytoprotective Effects of Fatty Acids
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
.OH | hydroxyl radicals |
6-OHDA | 6-hydroxydopamine |
7KC | 7-ketocholesterol |
AA | arachidonic acid |
ALP | autophagy-lysosome pathway |
APP | Amyloid precursor protein |
Aβ | amyloid beta |
BACE | beta-site APP cleaving enzyme |
CHO | Chinese hamster ovary cells |
CMA | chaperone mediated autophagy |
CNS | central nervous system |
DHA | docosahexaenoic acid |
DHA-PC | DHA-enriched phosphatidylcholine |
DHA-PS | DHA-phosphatidylserine |
EPA | eicosapentaenoic acid |
EPA-PC | EPA-enriched phosphatidylcholine |
GSH | reduced glutathion |
GSH-PX | glutathion peroxydase |
H2O2 | hydrogen peroxide |
HFD | high-fat diet |
hiPSC | human-induced pluripotent stem cell |
IL | Interleukin |
LA | linoleic acid |
LRRK2 | Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 |
MCP1 | monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 |
MHCII | major histocompatibility complex type II |
MIP-1α | macrophage inflammatory protein-1α |
MPP(+)) | 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium |
MPTP | 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine |
NMDA | N-methyl-D-aspartate |
NO. | nitrogen monoxide |
O2.− | superoxide |
OA | oleic acid |
PET | Positron emission tomography |
PINK1 | PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 |
PUFA | polyunsaturated fatty acids |
RONS | reactive oxygen nitrogen species |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
SAP | saporin |
SOD | superoxide dismutase |
T-AOC | total antioxidant capacity |
TNF-α | tumor necrosis factor-α |
TOM | translocase of the outer membrane |
Tregs | regulatory T-lymphocytes |
UPS | ubiquitin-proteasome system |
α-LNA | α-linolenic acid |
γ-LNA | γ-linolenic acid |
TORN | Targeted Organelle Nanotherapy |
References
- Sweeney, P.; Park, H.; Baumann, M.; Dunlop, J.; Frydman, J.; Kopito, R.; McCampbell, A.; Leblanc, G.; Venkateswaran, A.; Nurmi, A.; et al. Protein misfolding in neurodegenerative diseases: Implications and strategies. Transl. Neurodegener. 2017, 6, 6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Colla, E.; Jensen, P.H.; Pletnikova, O.; Troncoso, J.C.; Glabe, C.; Lee, M.K. Accumulation of toxic alpha-synuclein oligomer within endoplasmic reticulum occurs in alpha-synucleinopathy in vivo. J. Neurosci. 2012, 32, 3301–3305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Winner, B.; Jappelli, R.; Maji, S.K.; Desplats, P.A.; Boyer, L.; Aigner, S.; Hetzer, C.; Loher, T.; Vilar, M.; Campioni, S.; et al. In vivo demonstration that alpha-synuclein oligomers are toxic. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2011, 108, 4194–4199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Spillantini, M.G.; Schmidt, M.L.; Lee, V.M.; Trojanowski, J.Q.; Jakes, R.; Goedert, M. Alpha-synuclein in Lewy bodies. Nature 1997, 388, 839–840. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jellinger, K. Neuropathological substrates of Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. J. Neural Transm. Suppl. 1987, 24, 109–129. [Google Scholar]
- Takahashi, H.; Wakabayashi, K. The cellular pathology of Parkinson’s disease. Neuropathology 2001, 21, 315–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Duda, J.E.; Giasson, B.I.; Mabon, M.E.; Lee, V.M.; Trojanowski, J.Q. Novel antibodies to synuclein show abundant striatal pathology in Lewy body diseases. Ann. Neurol. 2002, 52, 205–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Selkoe, D.J. Alzheimer’s disease is a synaptic failure. Science 2002, 298, 789–791. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kosik, K.S.; Duffy, L.K.; Dowling, M.M.; Abraham, C.; McCluskey, A.; Selkoe, D.J. Microtubule-associated protein 2: Monoclonal antibodies demonstrate the selective incorporation of certain epitopes into Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1984, 81, 7941–7945. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Delacourte, A. Biochemical and molecular characterization of neurofibrillary degeneration in frontotemporal dementias. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 1999, 10 (Suppl. 1), 75–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goldberg, A.L. Protein degradation and protection against misfolded or damaged proteins. Nature 2003, 426, 895–899. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Klionsky, D.J.; Emr, S.D. Autophagy as a regulated pathway of cellular degradation. Science 2000, 290, 1717–1721. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Alvarez-Erviti, L.; Rodriguez-Oroz, M.C.; Cooper, J.M.; Caballero, C.; Ferrer, I.; Obeso, J.A.; Schapira, A.H. Chaperone-mediated autophagy markers in Parkinson disease brains. Arch. Neurol. 2010, 67, 1464–1472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cuervo, A.M.; Dice, J.F. Regulation of lamp2a levels in the lysosomal membrane. Traffic 2000, 1, 570–583. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cuervo, A.M.; Gomes, A.V.; Barnes, J.A.; Dice, J.F. Selective degradation of annexins by chaperone-mediated autophagy. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275, 33329–33335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Xilouri, M.; Brekk, O.R.; Polissidis, A.; Chrysanthou-Piterou, M.; Kloukina, I.; Stefanis, L. Impairment of chaperone-mediated autophagy induces dopaminergic neurodegeneration in rats. Autophagy 2016, 12, 2230–2247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cuervo, A.M.; Stefanis, L.; Fredenburg, R.; Lansbury, P.T.; Sulzer, D. Impaired degradation of mutant alpha-synuclein by chaperone-mediated autophagy. Science 2004, 305, 1292–1295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, W.H.; Dorado, B.; Figueroa, H.Y.; Wang, L.; Planel, E.; Cookson, M.R.; Clark, L.N.; Duff, K.E. Metabolic activity determines efficacy of macroautophagic clearance of pathological oligomeric alpha-synuclein. Am. J. Pathol. 2009, 175, 736–747. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Spencer, B.; Potkar, R.; Trejo, M.; Rockenstein, E.; Patrick, C.; Gindi, R.; Adame, A.; Wyss-Coray, T.; Masliah, E. Beclin 1 gene transfer activates autophagy and ameliorates the neurodegenerative pathology in alpha-synuclein models of Parkinson’s and Lewy body diseases. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29, 13578–13588. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Almeida, C.G.; Takahashi, R.H.; Gouras, G.K. Beta-amyloid accumulation impairs multivesicular body sorting by inhibiting the ubiquitin-proteasome system. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26, 4277–4288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Oh, S.; Hong, H.S.; Hwang, E.; Sim, H.J.; Lee, W.; Shin, S.J.; Mook-Jung, I. Amyloid peptide attenuates the proteasome activity in neuronal cells. Mech. Ageing Dev. 2005, 126, 1292–1299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mizuno, Y.; Ohta, S.; Tanaka, M.; Takamiya, S.; Suzuki, K.; Sato, T.; Oya, H.; Ozawa, T.; Kagawa, Y. Deficiencies in complex I subunits of the respiratory chain in Parkinson’s disease. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1989, 163, 1450–1455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schapira, A.H.; Cooper, J.M.; Dexter, D.; Jenner, P.; Clark, J.B.; Marsden, C.D. Mitochondrial complex I deficiency in Parkinson’s disease. Lancet 1989, 1, 1269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bindoff, L.A.; Birch-Machin, M.; Cartlidge, N.E.; Parker, W.D., Jr.; Turnbull, D.M. Mitochondrial function in Parkinson’s disease. Lancet 1989, 2, 49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parker, W.D., Jr.; Boyson, S.J.; Parks, J.K. Abnormalities of the electron transport chain in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Ann. Neurol. 1989, 26, 719–723. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Perier, C.; Tieu, K.; Guegan, C.; Caspersen, C.; Jackson-Lewis, V.; Carelli, V.; Martinuzzi, A.; Hirano, M.; Przedborski, S.; Vila, M. Complex I deficiency primes Bax-dependent neuronal apoptosis through mitochondrial oxidative damage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102, 19126–19131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ryan, B.J.; Hoek, S.; Fon, E.A.; Wade-Martins, R. Mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy in Parkinson’s: From familial to sporadic disease. Trends Biochem. Sci. 2015, 40, 200–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Winklhofer, K.F.; Haass, C. Mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2010, 1802, 29–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gonzalez-Casacuberta, I.; Juarez-Flores, D.L.; Moren, C.; Garrabou, G. Bioenergetics and Autophagic Imbalance in Patients-Derived Cell Models of Parkinson Disease Supports Systemic Dysfunction in Neurodegeneration. Front. Neurosci. 2019, 13, 894. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hsieh, C.H.; Shaltouki, A.; Gonzalez, A.E.; Bettencourt da Cruz, A.; Burbulla, L.F.; St Lawrence, E.; Schule, B.; Krainc, D.; Palmer, T.D.; Wang, X. Functional Impairment in Miro Degradation and Mitophagy Is a Shared Feature in Familial and Sporadic Parkinson’s Disease. Cell Stem Cell 2016, 19, 709–724. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Devi, L.; Raghavendran, V.; Prabhu, B.M.; Avadhani, N.G.; Anandatheerthavarada, H.K. Mitochondrial import and accumulation of alpha-synuclein impair complex I in human dopaminergic neuronal cultures and Parkinson disease brain. J. Biol. Chem. 2008, 283, 9089–9100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Di Maio, R.; Barrett, P.J.; Hoffman, E.K.; Barrett, C.W.; Zharikov, A.; Borah, A.; Hu, X.; McCoy, J.; Chu, C.T.; Burton, E.A.; et al. alpha-Synuclein binds to TOM20 and inhibits mitochondrial protein import in Parkinson’s disease. Sci. Transl. Med. 2016, 8, 342ra78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kamp, F.; Exner, N.; Lutz, A.K.; Wender, N.; Hegermann, J.; Brunner, B.; Nuscher, B.; Bartels, T.; Giese, A.; Beyer, K.; et al. Inhibition of mitochondrial fusion by alpha-synuclein is rescued by PINK1, Parkin and DJ-1. EMBO J. 2010, 29, 3571–3589. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Reeve, A.K.; Ludtmann, M.H.; Angelova, P.R.; Simcox, E.M.; Horrocks, M.H.; Klenerman, D.; Gandhi, S.; Turnbull, D.M.; Abramov, A.Y. Aggregated alpha-synuclein and complex I deficiency: Exploration of their relationship in differentiated neurons. Cell Death Dis. 2015, 6, e1820. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mochizuki, H.; Goto, K.; Mori, H.; Mizuno, Y. Histochemical detection of apoptosis in Parkinson’s disease. J. Neurol. Sci. 1996, 137, 120–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Andersen, J.K. Does neuronal loss in Parkinson’s disease involve programmed cell death? Bioessays 2001, 23, 640–646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hartmann, A.; Troadec, J.D.; Hunot, S.; Kikly, K.; Faucheux, B.A.; Mouatt-Prigent, A.; Ruberg, M.; Agid, Y.; Hirsch, E.C. Caspase-8 is an effector in apoptotic death of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s disease, but pathway inhibition results in neuronal necrosis. J. Neurosci. 2001, 21, 2247–2255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Murray, H.C.; Swanson, M.E.V.; Dieriks, B.V.; Turner, C.; Faull, R.L.M.; Curtis, M.A. Neurochemical Characterization of PSA-NCAM(+) Cells in the Human Brain and Phenotypic Quantification in Alzheimer’s Disease Entorhinal Cortex. Neuroscience 2018, 372, 289–303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shahani, N.; Subramaniam, S.; Wolf, T.; Tackenberg, C.; Brandt, R. Tau aggregation and progressive neuronal degeneration in the absence of changes in spine density and morphology after targeted expression of Alzheimer’s disease-relevant tau constructs in organotypic hippocampal slices. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26, 6103–6114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Clifford, P.M.; Zarrabi, S.; Siu, G.; Kinsler, K.J.; Kosciuk, M.C.; Venkataraman, V.; D’Andrea, M.R.; Dinsmore, S.; Nagele, R.G. Abeta peptides can enter the brain through a defective blood-brain barrier and bind selectively to neurons. Brain Res. 2007, 1142, 223–236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reddy, P.H. Amyloid precursor protein-mediated free radicals and oxidative damage: Implications for the development and progression of Alzheimer’s disease. J. Neurochem. 2006, 96, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fifre, A.; Sponne, I.; Koziel, V.; Kriem, B.; Yen Potin, F.T.; Bihain, B.E.; Olivier, J.L.; Oster, T.; Pillot, T. Microtubule-associated protein MAP1A, MAP1B, and MAP2 proteolysis during soluble amyloid beta-peptide-induced neuronal apoptosis. Synergistic involvement of calpain and caspase-3. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281, 229–240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jenner, P. Oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease. Ann. Neurol. 2003, 53 (Suppl. 3), S26–S36, discussion S36-8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Di Nottia, M.; Masciullo, M.; Verrigni, D.; Petrillo, S.; Modoni, A.; Rizzo, V.; Di Giuda, D.; Rizza, T.; Niceta, M.; Torraco, A.; et al. DJ-1 modulates mitochondrial response to oxidative stress: Clues from a novel diagnosis of PARK7. Clin. Genet. 2017, 92, 18–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dehay, B.; Bove, J.; Rodriguez-Muela, N.; Perier, C.; Recasens, A.; Boya, P.; Vila, M. Pathogenic lysosomal depletion in Parkinson’s disease. J. Neurosci. 2010, 30, 12535–12544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nunomura, A.; Honda, K.; Takeda, A.; Hirai, K.; Zhu, X.; Smith, M.A.; Perry, G. Oxidative damage to RNA in neurodegenerative diseases. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2006, 2006, 82323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sultana, R.; Butterfield, D.A. Role of oxidative stress in the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. J. Alzheimers Dis 2010, 19, 341–353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Butterfield, D.A.; Swomley, A.M.; Sultana, R. Amyloid beta-peptide (1-42)-induced oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease: Importance in disease pathogenesis and progression. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2013, 19, 823–835. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- De Felice, F.G.; Velasco, P.T.; Lambert, M.P.; Viola, K.; Fernandez, S.J.; Ferreira, S.T.; Klein, W.L. Abeta oligomers induce neuronal oxidative stress through an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-dependent mechanism that is blocked by the Alzheimer drug memantine. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282, 11590–11601. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Akiyama, H. Inflammation and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol. Aging 2000, 21, 383–421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Akiyama, H.; Arai, T.; Kondo, H.; Tanno, E.; Haga, C.; Ikeda, K. Cell Mediators of Inflammation in the Alzheimer Disease Brain. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord. 2000, 14, S47–S53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sofroniew, M.V.; Vinters, H.V. Astrocytes: Biology and pathology. Acta Neuropathol. 2010, 119, 7–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kalaria, R.N. Microglia and Alzheimer’s disease. Curr. Opin. Hematol. 1999, 6, 15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rogers, J.; Lue, L.-F. Microglial chemotaxis, activation, and phagocytosis of amyloid β-peptide as linked phenomena in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurochem. Int. 2001, 39, 333–340. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dionisio-Santos, D.A.; Olschowka, J.A.; O’Banion, M.K. Exploiting microglial and peripheral immune cell crosstalk to treat Alzheimer’s disease. J. Neuroinflamm. 2019, 16, 74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kopec, K.K.; Carroll, R.T. Alzheimer’s β-Amyloid Peptide 1-42 Induces a Phagocytic Response in Murine Microglia. J. Neurochem. 2002, 71, 2123–2131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bolmont, T.; Haiss, F.; Eicke, D.; Radde, R.; Mathis, C.A.; Klunk, W.E.; Kohsaka, S.; Jucker, M.; Calhoun, M.E. Dynamics of the Microglial/Amyloid Interaction Indicate a Role in Plaque Maintenance. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28, 4283–4292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Meyer-Luehmann, M.; Spires-Jones, T.L.; Prada, C.; Garcia-Alloza, M.; de Calignon, A.; Rozkalne, A.; Koenigsknecht-Talboo, J.; Holtzman, D.M.; Bacskai, B.J.; Hyman, B.T. Rapid appearance and local toxicity of amyloid-β plaques in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Nature 2008, 451, 720–724. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Malchiodi-Albedi, F.; Domenici, M.R.; Paradisi, S.; Bernardo, A.; Ajmone-Cat, M.A.; Minghetti, L. Astrocytes contribute to neuronal impairment in βA toxicity increasing apoptosis in rat hippocampal neurons. Glia 2001, 34, 68–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yamaguchi, H.; Sugihara, S.; Ogawa, A.; Saido, T.C.; Ihara, Y. Diffuse plaques associated with astroglial amyloid β protein, possibly showing a disappearing stage of senile plaques. Acta Neuropathol. 1998, 95, 217–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Perez, J.L.; Carrero, I.; Gonzalo, P.; Arevalo-Serrano, J.; Sanz-Anquela, J.M.; Ortega, J.; Rodriguez, M.; Gonzalo-Ruiz, A. Soluble oligomeric forms of beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptide stimulate Aβ production via astrogliosis in the rat brain. Exp. Neurol. 2010, 223, 410–421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Emmerling, M.R.; Watson, M.D.; Raby, C.A.; Spiegel, K. The role of complement in Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) Mol. Basis Dis. 2000, 1502, 158–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Carroll, M.C. The role of complement and complement receptors in induction and regulation of immunity. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 1998, 16, 545–568. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tenner, A. Complement in Alzheimer’s disease: Opportunities for modulating protective and pathogenic events. Neurobiol. Aging 2001, 22, 849–861. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Friedman, W.J. Cytokines Regulate Expression of the Type 1 Interleukin-1 Receptor in Rat Hippocampal Neurons and Glia. Exp. Neurol. 2001, 168, 23–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yuekui, L.; Barger, S.W.; Liu, L.; Mrak, R.E.; Griffin, W.S.T. S100β Induction of the Proinflammatory Cytokine Interleukin-6 in Neurons. J. Neurochem. 2001, 74, 143–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Renauld, A.E.; Spengler, R.N. Tumor necrosis factor expressed by primary hippocampal neurons and SH-SY5Y cells is regulated by α2-adrenergic receptor activation. J. Neurosci. Res. 2002, 67, 264–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yasojima, K.; Schwab, C.; McGeer, E.G.; McGeer, P.L. Human neurons generate C-reactive protein and amyloid P: Upregulation in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Res. 2000, 887, 80–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shen, Y.; Li, R.; McGeer, E.G.; McGeer, P.L. Neuronal expression of mRNAs for complement proteins of the classical pathway in Alzheimer brain. Brain Res. 1997, 769, 391–395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tansey, M.G.; Goldberg, M.S. Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease: Its role in neuronal death and implications for therapeutic intervention. Neurobiol. Dis. 2010, 37, 510–518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ouchi, Y.; Yoshikawa, E.; Sekine, Y.; Futatsubashi, M.; Kanno, T.; Ogusu, T.; Torizuka, T. Microglial activation and dopamine terminal loss in early Parkinson’s disease. Ann. Neurol. 2005, 57, 168–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gerhard, A.; Pavese, N.; Hotton, G.; Turkheimer, F.; Es, M.; Hammers, A.; Eggert, K.; Oertel, W.; Banati, R.B.; Brooks, D.J. In vivo imaging of microglial activation with [11C](R)-PK11195 PET in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol. Dis. 2006, 21, 404–412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McGeer, P.L.; Itagaki, S.; Boyes, B.E.; McGeer, E.G. Reactive microglia are positive for HLA-DR in the substantia nigra of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease brains. Neurology 1988, 38, 1285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Imamura, K.; Hishikawa, N.; Sawada, M.; Nagatsu, T.; Yoshida, M.; Hashizume, Y. Distribution of major histocompatibility complex class II-positive microglia and cytokine profile of Parkinson’s disease brains. Acta Neuropathol. 2003, 106, 518–526. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Croisier, E.; Moran, L.B.; Dexter, D.T.; Pearce, R.K.; Graeber, M.B. Microglial inflammation in the parkinsonian substantia nigra: Relationship to alpha-synuclein deposition. J. Neuroinflamm. 2005, 2, 14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Orr, C.F.; Rowe, D.B.; Mizuno, Y.; Mori, H.; Halliday, G.M. A possible role for humoral immunity in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Brain 2005, 128, 2665–2674. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Banati, R.B.; Daniel, S.E.; Blunt, S.B. Glial pathology but absence of apoptotic nigral neurons in long-standing Parkinson’s disease. Mov. Disord. 1998, 13, 221–227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Akiyama, H.; McGeer, P.L. Microglial response to 6-hydroxydopamine-induced substantia nigra lesions. Brain Res. 1989, 489, 247–253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marinova-Mutafchieva, L.; Sadeghian, M.; Broom, L.; Davis, J.B.; Medhurst, A.D.; Dexter, D.T. Relationship between microglial activation and dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra: A time course study in a 6-hydroxydopamine model of Parkinson’s disease. J. Neurochem. 2009, 110, 966–975. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vázquez-Claverie, M.; Garrido-Gil, P.; San Sebastián, W.; Izal-Azcárate, A.; Belzunegui, S.; Marcilla, I.; López, B.; Luquin, M.-R. Acute and Chronic 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine Administrations Elicit Similar Microglial Activation in the Substantia Nigra of Monkeys. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 2009, 68, 977–984. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sanchez-Guajardo, V.; Febbraro, F.; Kirik, D.; Romero-Ramos, M. Microglia Acquire Distinct Activation Profiles Depending on the Degree of α-Synuclein Neuropathology in a rAAV Based Model of Parkinson’s Disease. PLoS ONE 2010, 5, e8784. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Henry, V.; Paillé, V.; Lelan, F.; Brachet, P.; Damier, P. Kinetics of Microglial Activation and Degeneration of Dopamine-Containing Neurons in a Rat Model of Parkinson Disease Induced by 6-Hydroxydopamine. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 2009, 68, 1092–1102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hunot, S.; Boissière, F.; Faucheux, B.; Brugg, B.; Mouatt-Prigent, A.; Agid, Y.; Hirsch, E.C. Nitric oxide synthase and neuronal vulnerability in Parkinson’s disease. Neuroscience 1996, 72, 355–363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Knott, C.; Stern, G.; Wilkin, G.P. Inflammatory Regulators in Parkinson’s Disease: iNOS, Lipocortin-1, and Cyclooxygenases-1 and -2. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 2000, 16, 724–739. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Litteljohn, D.; Mangano, E.; Shukla, N.; Hayley, S. Interferon-γ deficiency modifies the motor and co-morbid behavioral pathology and neurochemical changes provoked by the pesticide paraquat. Neuroscience 2009, 164, 1894–1906. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barcia, C.; Ros, C.M.; Annese, V.; Gómez, A.; Ros-Bernal, F.; Aguado-Yera, D.; Martínez-Pagán, M.E.; de Pablos, V.; Fernandez-Villalba, E.; Herrero, M.T. IFN-γ signaling, with the synergistic contribution of TNF-α, mediates cell specific microglial and astroglial activation in experimental models of Parkinson’s disease. Cell Death Dis. 2011, 2, e142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chakrabarty, P.; Ceballos-Diaz, C.; Lin, W.-L.; Beccard, A.; Jansen-West, K.; McFarland, N.R.; Janus, C.; Dickson, D.; Das, P.; Golde, T.E. Interferon-γ induces progressive nigrostriatal degeneration and basal ganglia calcification. Nat. Neurosci. 2011, 14, 694–696. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mangano, E.N.; Litteljohn, D.; So, R.; Nelson, E.; Peters, S.; Bethune, C.; Bobyn, J.; Hayley, S. Interferon-γ plays a role in paraquat-induced neurodegeneration involving oxidative and proinflammatory pathways. Neurobiol. Aging 2012, 33, 1411–1426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reynolds, A.D.; Banerjee, R.; Liu, J.; Gendelman, H.E.; Mosley, R.L. Neuroprotective activities of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in an animal model of Parkinson’s disease. J. Leukoc. Biol. 2007, 82, 1083–1094. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kosloski, L.M.; Kosmacek, E.A.; Olson, K.E.; Mosley, R.L.; Gendelman, H.E. GM-CSF induces neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory responses in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine intoxicated mice. J. Neuroimmunol. 2013, 265, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ruankham, W.; Suwanjang, W.; Wongchitrat, P.; Prachayasittikul, V.; Prachayasittikul, S.; Phopin, K. Sesamin and sesamol attenuate H2O2 -induced oxidative stress on human neuronal cells via the SIRT1-SIRT3-FOXO3a signaling pathway. Nutr. Neurosci. 2019, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Baluchnejadmojarad, T.; Mansouri, M.; Ghalami, J.; Mokhtari, Z.; Roghani, M. Sesamin imparts neuroprotection against intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine toxicity by inhibition of astroglial activation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2017, 88, 754–761. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lahaie-Collins, V.; Bournival, J.; Plouffe, M.; Carange, J.; Martinoli, M.G. Sesamin modulates tyrosine hydroxylase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, inducible NO synthase and interleukin-6 expression in dopaminergic cells under MPP+-induced oxidative stress. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2008, 1, 54–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lee, S.; Youn, K.; Jeong, W.S.; Ho, C.T.; Jun, M. Protective Effects of Red Ginseng Oil against Abeta25-35-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis and Inflammation in PC12 Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 2218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lee, S.; Youn, K.; Jun, M. Major compounds of red ginseng oil attenuate Abeta25-35-induced neuronal apoptosis and inflammation by modulating MAPK/NF-kappaB pathway. Food Funct. 2018, 9, 4122–4134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cioanca, O.; Hritcu, L.; Mihasan, M.; Hancianu, M. Cognitive-enhancing and antioxidant activities of inhaled coriander volatile oil in amyloid beta(1-42) rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. Physiol. Behav. 2013, 120, 193–202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Q.F.; Jeong, H.; Lee, J.H.; Hong, Y.K.; Oh, Y.; Kim, Y.M.; Suh, Y.S.; Bang, S.; Yun, H.S.; Lee, K.; et al. Coriandrum sativum Suppresses Abeta42-Induced ROS Increases, Glial Cell Proliferation, and ERK Activation. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2016, 44, 1325–1347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alhibshi, A.H.; Odawara, A.; Suzuki, I. Neuroprotective efficacy of thymoquinone against amyloid beta-induced neurotoxicity in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cholinergic neurons. Biochem. Biophys. Rep. 2019, 17, 122–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abulfadl, Y.; El-Maraghy, N.; Ahmed, A.E.; Nofal, S.; Abdel-Mottaleb, Y.; Badary, O. Thymoquinone alleviates the experimentally induced Alzheimer’s disease inflammation by modulation of TLRs signaling. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 2018, 37, 1092–1104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cobourne-Duval, M.K.; Taka, E.; Mendonca, P.; Soliman, K.F.A. Thymoquinone increases the expression of neuroprotective proteins while decreasing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the gene expression NFκB pathway signaling targets in LPS/IFNγ -activated BV-2 microglia cells. J. Neuroimmunol. 2018, 320, 87–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deng, M.Z.; Huang, L.P.; Fang, Y.Q. Effects of Total Ginsenosides and Volatile Oil of Acorus tatarinowii Co-Administration on Ability of Learning and Memory and Apoptosis in Alzheimer’s Disease Mice Model Induced By D-Galactose and Aluminium Chloride. Zhong Yao Cai 2015, 38, 1018–1023. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Ning, B.; Zhang, Q.; Wang, N.; Deng, M.; Fang, Y. beta-Asarone Regulates ER Stress and Autophagy Via Inhibition of the PERK/CHOP/Bcl-2/Beclin-1 Pathway in 6-OHDA-Induced Parkinsonian Rats. Neurochem. Res. 2019, 44, 1159–1166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- St-Laurent-Thibault, C.; Arseneault, M.; Longpre, F.; Ramassamy, C. Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol, two main components of olive oil, protect N2a cells against amyloid-beta-induced toxicity. Involvement of the NF-kappaB signaling. Curr. Alzheimer Res. 2011, 8, 543–551. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yu, G.; Deng, A.; Tang, W.; Ma, J.; Yuan, C.; Ma, J. Hydroxytyrosol induces phase II detoxifying enzyme expression and effectively protects dopaminergic cells against dopamine- and 6-hydroxydopamine induced cytotoxicity. Neurochem. Int. 2016, 96, 113–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Batarseh, Y.S.; Mohamed, L.A.; Al Rihani, S.B.; Mousa, Y.M.; Siddique, A.B.; El Sayed, K.A.; Kaddoumi, A. Oleocanthal ameliorates amyloid-β oligomers’ toxicity on astrocytes and neuronal cells: In vitro studies. Neuroscience 2017, 352, 204–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, B.; He, D.; Chen, G.; Ran, X.; Guo, W.; Kan, X.; Wang, W.; Liu, D.; Fu, S.; Liu, J. α-Cyperone inhibits LPS-induced inflammation in BV-2 cells through activation of Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 and suppression of the NF-κB pathway. Food Funct. 2018, 9, 2735–2743. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Labrousse, V.F.; Nadjar, A.; Joffre, C.; Costes, L.; Aubert, A.; Grégoire, S.; Bretillon, L.; Layé, S. Short-term long chain omega3 diet protects from neuroinflammatory processes and memory impairment in aged mice. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e36861. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Doria, M.; Maugest, L.; Moreau, T.; Lizard, G.; Vejux, A. Contribution of cholesterol and oxysterols to the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2016, 101, 393–400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Testa, G.; Staurenghi, E.; Zerbinati, C.; Gargiulo, S.; Iuliano, L.; Giaccone, G.; Fantò, F.; Poli, G.; Leonarduzzi, G.; Gamba, P. Changes in brain oxysterols at different stages of Alzheimer’s disease: Their involvement in neuroinflammation. Redox Biol. 2016, 10, 24–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Brahmi, F.; Vejux, A.; Sghaier, R.; Zarrouk, A.; Nury, T.; Meddeb, W.; Rezig, L.; Namsi, A.; Sassi, K.; Yammine, A.; et al. Prevention of 7-ketocholesterol-induced side effects by natural compounds. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2019, 59, 3179–3198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Badreddine, A.; Zarrouk, A.; Karym, E.M.; Debbabi, M.; Nury, T.; Meddeb, W.; Sghaier, R.; Bezine, M.; Vejux, A.; Martine, L.; et al. Argan Oil-Mediated Attenuation of Organelle Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress and Cell Death Induced by 7-Ketocholesterol in Murine Oligodendrocytes 158N. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 2220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Meddeb, W.; Rezig, L.; Zarrouk, A.; Nury, T.; Vejux, A.; Prost, M.; Bretillon, L.; Mejri, M.; Lizard, G. Cytoprotective Activities of Milk Thistle Seed Oil Used in Traditional Tunisian Medicine on 7-Ketocholesterol and 24S-Hydroxycholesterol-Induced Toxicity on 158N Murine Oligodendrocytes. Antioxidants 2018, 7, 95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Xiong, Q.; Ru, Q.; Tian, X.; Zhou, M.; Chen, L.; Li, Y.; Li, C. Krill oil protects PC12 cells against methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting apoptotic response and oxidative stress. Nutr. Res. 2018, 58, 84–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, Q.; Wu, F.; Wen, M.; Yanagita, T.; Xue, C.; Zhang, T.; Wang, Y. The Protective Effect of Antarctic Krill Oil on Cognitive Function by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress in the Brain of Senescence-Accelerated Prone Mouse Strain 8 (SAMP8) Mice. J. Food Sci. 2018, 83, 543–551. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hopperton, K.E.; Trépanier, M.-O.; James, N.C.E.; Chouinard-Watkins, R.; Bazinet, R.P. Fish oil feeding attenuates neuroinflammatory gene expression without concomitant changes in brain eicosanoids and docosanoids in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Behav. Immun. 2018, 69, 74–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jović, M.; Lončarević-Vasiljković, N.; Ivković, S.; Dinić, J.; Milanović, D.; Zlokovic, B.; Kanazir, S. Short-term fish oil supplementation applied in presymptomatic stage of Alzheimer’s disease enhances microglial/macrophage barrier and prevents neuritic dystrophy in parietal cortex of 5xFAD mouse model. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0216726. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Matchynski, J.J.; Lowrance, S.A.; Pappas, C.; Rossignol, J.; Puckett, N.; Sandstrom, M.; Dunbar, G.L. Combinatorial treatment of tart cherry extract and essential fatty acids reduces cognitive impairments and inflammation in the mu-p75 saporin-induced mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. J. Med. Food 2013, 16, 288–295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ji, A.; Diao, H.; Wang, X.; Yang, R.; Zhang, J.; Luo, W.; Cao, R.; Cao, Z.; Wang, F.; Cai, T. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial activation and dopaminergic injury in rats. NeuroToxicology 2012, 33, 780–788. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zarrouk, A.; Ben Salem, Y.; Hafsa, J.; Sghaier, R.; Charfeddine, B.; Limem, K.; Hammami, M.; Majdoub, H. 7beta-hydroxycholesterol-induced cell death, oxidative stress, and fatty acid metabolism dysfunctions attenuated with sea urchin egg oil. Biochimie 2018, 153, 210–219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Altinoz, M.A.; Ozpinar, A. PPAR-delta and erucic acid in multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s Disease. Likely benefits in terms of immunity and metabolism. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2019, 69, 245–256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Debbabi, M.; Zarrouk, A.; Bezine, M.; Meddeb, W.; Nury, T.; Badreddine, A.; Karym, E.M.; Sghaier, R.; Bretillon, L.; Guyot, S.; et al. Comparison of the effects of major fatty acids present in the Mediterranean diet (oleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid) and in hydrogenated oils (elaidic acid) on 7-ketocholesterol-induced oxiapoptophagy in microglial BV-2 cells. Chem. Phys. Lipids 2017, 207, 151–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, Y.P.; Brown, R.E.; Zhang, P.C.; Zhao, Y.T.; Ju, X.H.; Song, C. DHA, EPA and their combination at various ratios differently modulated Abeta25-35-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 2018, 136, 85–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Che, H.; Zhou, M.; Zhang, T.; Zhang, L.; Ding, L.; Yanagita, T.; Xu, J.; Xue, C.; Wang, Y. Comparative study of the effects of phosphatidylcholine rich in DHA and EPA on Alzheimer’s disease and the possible mechanisms in CHO-APP/PS1 cells and SAMP8 mice. Food Funct. 2018, 9, 643–654. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wen, M.; Ding, L.; Zhang, L.; Cong, P.; Zhang, T.; Xu, J.; Chang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Xue, C. A comparative study of eicosapentaenoic acid enriched phosphatidylcholine and ethyl ester in improving cognitive deficiency in Alzheimer’s disease model rats. Food Funct. 2018, 9, 2184–2192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, M.M.; Ding, L.; Wen, M.; Che, H.X.; Huang, J.Q.; Zhang, T.T.; Xue, C.H.; Mao, X.Z.; Wang, Y.M. Mechanisms of DHA-enriched phospholipids in improving cognitive deficits in aged SAMP8 mice with high-fat diet. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2018, 59, 64–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, Y.; Tada, M.; Takahata, K.; Tomizawa, K.; Matsui, H. Inhibitory effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on apoptosis induced by etoposide, okadaic acid and AraC in Neuro2a cells. Acta Med. Okayama 2007, 61, 147–152. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, X.; Hjorth, E.; Vedin, I.; Eriksdotter, M.; Freund-Levi, Y.; Wahlund, L.-O.; Cederholm, T.; Palmblad, J.; Schultzberg, M. Effects of n-3 FA supplementation on the release of proresolving lipid mediators by blood mononuclear cells: The OmegAD study. J. Lipid Res. 2015, 56, 674–681. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dong, Y.; Xu, M.; Kalueff, A.V.; Song, C. Dietary eicosapentaenoic acid normalizes hippocampal omega-3 and 6 polyunsaturated fatty acid profile, attenuates glial activation and regulates BDNF function in a rodent model of neuroinflammation induced by central interleukin-1β administration. Eur. J. Nutr. 2018, 57, 1781–1791. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vedin, I.; Cederholm, T.; Freund-Levi, Y.; Basun, H.; Garlind, A.; Irving, G.F.; Eriksdotter-Jönhagen, M.; Wahlund, L.-O.; Dahlman, I.; Palmblad, J. Effects of DHA-rich n-3 fatty acid supplementation on gene expression in blood mononuclear leukocytes: The OmegAD study. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e35425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Vedin, I.; Cederholm, T.; Freund Levi, Y.; Basun, H.; Garlind, A.; Faxén Irving, G.; Jönhagen, M.E.; Vessby, B.; Wahlund, L.-O.; Palmblad, J. Effects of docosahexaenoic acid-rich n-3 fatty acid supplementation on cytokine release from blood mononuclear leukocytes: The OmegAD study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 87, 1616–1622. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sharman, M.J.; Gyengesi, E.; Liang, H.; Chatterjee, P.; Karl, T.; Li, Q.-X.; Wenk, M.R.; Halliwell, B.; Martins, R.N.; Münch, G. Assessment of diets containing curcumin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, docosahexaenoic acid and α-lipoic acid on amyloid load and inflammation in a male transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease: Are combinations more effective? Neurobiol. Dis. 2019, 124, 505–519. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hjorth, E.; Zhu, M.; Toro, V.C.; Vedin, I.; Palmblad, J.; Cederholm, T.; Freund-Levi, Y.; Faxen-Irving, G.; Wahlund, L.-O.; Basun, H.; et al. Omega-3 fatty acids enhance phagocytosis of Alzheimer’s disease-related amyloid-β42 by human microglia and decrease inflammatory markers. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2013, 35, 697–713. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Serrano-Garcia, N.; Fernandez-Valverde, F.; Luis-Garcia, E.R.; Granados-Rojas, L.; Juarez-Zepeda, T.E.; Orozco-Suarez, S.A.; Pedraza-Chaverri, J.; Orozco-Ibarra, M.; Jimenez-Anguiano, A. Docosahexaenoic acid protection in a rotenone induced Parkinson’s model: Prevention of tubulin and synaptophysin loss, but no association with mitochondrial function. Neurochem. Int. 2018, 121, 26–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hacioglu, G.; Seval-Celik, Y.; Tanriover, G.; Ozsoy, O.; Saka-Topcuoglu, E.; Balkan, S.; Agar, A. Docosahexaenoic acid provides protective mechanism in bilaterally MPTP-lesioned rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Folia Histochem. Cytobiol. 2012, 50, 228–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ozsoy, O.; Seval-Celik, Y.; Hacioglu, G.; Yargicoglu, P.; Demir, R.; Agar, A.; Aslan, M. The influence and the mechanism of docosahexaenoic acid on a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Neurochem. Int. 2011, 59, 664–670. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, H.J.; Han, J.; Jang, Y.; Kim, S.J.; Park, J.H.; Seo, K.S.; Jeong, S.; Shin, S.; Lim, K.; Heo, J.Y.; et al. Docosahexaenoic acid prevents paraquat-induced reactive oxygen species production in dopaminergic neurons via enhancement of glutathione homeostasis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2015, 457, 95–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hossain, M.S.; Ifuku, M.; Take, S.; Kawamura, J.; Miake, K.; Katafuchi, T. Plasmalogens rescue neuronal cell death through an activation of AKT and ERK survival signaling. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e83508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luchtman, D.W.; Meng, Q.; Song, C. Ethyl-eicosapentaenoate (E-EPA) attenuates motor impairments and inflammation in the MPTP-probenecid mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Behav. Brain Res. 2012, 226, 386–396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kujawska, M.; Jodynis-Liebert, J. Polyphenols in Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review of In Vivo Studies. Nutrients 2018, 10, 642. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bureau, G.; Longpré, F.; Martinoli, M.-G. Resveratrol and quercetin, two natural polyphenols, reduce apoptotic neuronal cell death induced by neuroinflammation. J. Neurosci. Res. 2008, 86, 403–410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Nury, T.; Lizard, G.; Vejux, A. Lipids Nutrients in Parkinson and Alzheimer’s Diseases: Cell Death and Cytoprotection. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 2501. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072501
Nury T, Lizard G, Vejux A. Lipids Nutrients in Parkinson and Alzheimer’s Diseases: Cell Death and Cytoprotection. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(7):2501. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072501
Chicago/Turabian StyleNury, Thomas, Gérard Lizard, and Anne Vejux. 2020. "Lipids Nutrients in Parkinson and Alzheimer’s Diseases: Cell Death and Cytoprotection" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 7: 2501. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072501