Next Article in Journal
Effect of S-Allyl –L-Cysteine on MCF-7 Cell Line 3-Mercaptopyruvate Sulfurtransferase/Sulfane Sulfur System, Viability and Apoptosis
Previous Article in Journal
Different Frequency of Cyclic Tensile Strain Relates to Anabolic/Catabolic Conditions Consistent with Immunohistochemical Staining Intensity in Tenocytes
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
IJMS
Volume 21
Issue 3
10.3390/ijms21031087
ijms-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

EjFRI, FRIGIDA (FRI) Ortholog from Eriobotrya japonica, Delays Flowering in Arabidopsis

by
Weiwei Chen
1,2,†,
Peng Wang
1,2,†,
Dan Wang
1,2,
Min Shi
1,2,
Yan Xia
1,2,
Qiao He
1,2,
Jiangbo Dang
1,2,
Qigao Guo
1,2,
Danlong Jing
1,2,* and
Guolu Liang
1,2,*
1
Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
2
Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to the work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(3), 1087; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21031087
Submission received: 17 December 2019 / Revised: 1 February 2020 / Accepted: 4 February 2020 / Published: 6 February 2020
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Plant Sciences)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
In the model species Arabidopsis thaliana, FRIGIDA (FRI) is a key regulator of flowering time and can inhibit flowering without vernalization. However, little information is available on the function in the Rosaceae family. Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) belongs to the family Rosaceae and is a distinctive species, in which flowering can be induced without vernalization, followed by blooming in late-autumn or winter. To investigate the functional roles of FRI orthologs in this non-vernalization species, we isolated an FRI ortholog, dubbed as EjFRI, from loquat. Analyses of the phylogenetic tree and protein sequence alignment showed that EjFRI is assigned to eurosids I FRI lineage. Expression analysis revealed that the highest expression level of EjFRI was after flower initiation. Meanwhile, EjFRI was widely expressed in different tissues. Subcellular localization of EjFRI was only detected to be in the nucleus. Ectopic expression of EjFRI in wild-type Arabidopsis delayed flowering time. The expression levels of EjFRI in transgenic wild-type Arabidopsis were significantly higher than those of nontransgenic wild-type lines. However, the expression levels of AtFRI showed no significant difference between transgenic and nontransgenic wild-type lines. Furthermore, the upregulated AtFLC expression in the transgenic lines indicated that EjFRI functioned similarly to the AtFRI of the model plant Arabidopsis. Our study provides a foundation to further explore the characterization of EjFRI, and also contributes to illuminating the molecular mechanism about flowering in loquat.

1. Introduction

Flowering is a crucial phase during the life cycle of angiosperms. At present, the comprehensive flowering network is approached in the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana, and extensive studies have been performed to describe related pathways of flower development [1]. In Arabidopsis, almost 180 genes have been illuminated in flowering-time control based on the analyses of transgenic plants and loss-of-function mutations [2]. To date, some regulatory genes of flowering time have been isolated and characterized from loquat, including EjSOC1, EjFT, EjFD, EjGI, EjSVP, EjCO, EjAP1, EjTFL1 and EjLEY [3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. Among these genes, orthologous genes of the floral integrators, such as EjFT and EjSOC1, are identified and reported to regulate plant flowering-time by adjusting the environmental and endogenous pathways, including circadian clock regulation, photoreception, growth regulator of synthesis and response, and response to low temperatures [2,10,11].
Many flowering plants, which transfer from vegetative stage to reproductive growth, ensure themselves over winter vegetatively and flower in spring, after a long period of cold temperature [12,13,14]. The long-time cold treatment is called vernalization, which is also a major determinant of flowering time [15]. Plenty of information about the molecular mechanism of vernalization has been illuminated in Arabidopsis. Two dominant genes, FRIGIDA (FRI) and FLOWERLING LOCUS C (FLC), are required in the vernalization pathway [15,16,17]. Studies of natural variation and genetic analysis revealed that FRI encodes a nuclear protein which is found only in plants [13,18], and it plays a key role to delay flowering before vernalization, by upregulating the level of FLC mRNA [14,19,20]. The FRI protein is a novel nuclear protein including two coiled-coil regions, but has no conserved domains [20]. Although FRI serving as the determinant of flowering time has been deeply and extensively studied in the model plant, the functional characterization of FRI in horticulture plants, especially the fruit trees, needs further research.
Loquat (Eriobotrya Lindl.) is a kind of tasty fruit with abundant nutrition and belongs to the Rosacea family [4,21]. Totally different from others Rosacea, the cultivated loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) is a distinct species of genus Eriobotrya which need not undergo a chilling treatment and blooms in fall or early winter [22]. In this view, it is not known whether the function of the FRIDIA gene in Eriobotrya japonica is similar to the model plants. Hence, we sought to address this question by isolating EjFRI from floral buds of Eriobotrya japonica. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses revealed that EjFRI was assigned to the FRI orthologs in loquat. The expression pattern of EjFRI was investigated. The expression pattern analysis suggested that EjFRI did not have a similar trend to Arabidopsis during the development of loquat flowering. We also generated and analyzed Arabidopsis transgenic lines, which were expressed by 35S::EjFRI, to detect the function of EjFRI in flower development. Ectopic expression of EjFRI in Arabidopsis resulted in delayed flowering. Our study helps us better understand the role of EjFRI in the flower development of loquat and provides a foundation to explore the molecular mechanism about flowering in loquat.

2. Results

2.1. Isolation and Identification of FRI Orthologous Gene from Eriobotrya japonica

Based on the homology cloning and RACE techniques, 1386 bp full-length cDNA of EjFRI was isolated from Eriobotrya japonica (GenBank accession number: MN735437). It contains 1068 bp ORF, which encoded 355 amino acids (Supplementary Figure S1), as well as a 71 bp 5’- untranslated region (UTR) and 247 bp 3’-UTR. The molecular weight and isoelectric points of EjFRI are 38.3 kD and 8.24 (Supplementary Table S1), respectively.
To reveal the evolution of the EjFRI, the cloned EjFRI sequence was then blasted with 21 FRI orthologs from other angiosperms (Supplementary Table S2). The phylogenetic analysis of EjFRI and other plants FRI amino acid sequences showed that EjFRI and the other FRIs from Rosaceae were grouped into eurosids I clade. Compared with PbFRI and MdFRI, they also belonged to a large clade with a high genetic relationship (Figure 1A). Amino sequence alignments revealed that EjFRI showed high similarity with its ortholog sequences (Figure 1B). These results suggest that EjFRI is FRI orthologs in loquat.

2.2. Spatiotemporal Expression of EjFRI in Loquat

Before vernalization, FRIGIDA (FRI) activates its target FOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) to delay flowering [14,23,24]. However, the cultivated loquat is harvested in summer and flowers in autumn and winter. Meanwhile, local expression of FRI in different tissues can also activate FLC to delay flowering [14], and FRI is a nonfunctional gene in summer annuals [24]. These possibilities encourage us to investigate the spatiotemporal expression of EjFRI, and thus we collected apical buds every 10 days after harvesting fruits, until flower initiation (Figure 2A, I–VIII). The tissues of different developmental flowers were also analyzed at the same time (Figure 2A, IX–XIV). The fourteen kinds of tissues included vegetative and reproductive developmental processes. Moreover, the analysis of paraffin-embedded sections of the apical buds (8.26, S1 and S2) revealed that the loquat began to transfer from the vegetative stage to reproductive growth at stage 1 (Figure 2B). In different periods of apical buds, the expression levels of EjFRI were fluctuant. However, in different developmental flowers, the expression level of EjFRI was stable from stage 1 to stage 2, and then it began to increase on stage 2 and reached the peak on stage 4, which was highlighted with a blue dotted box. Moreover, the expression level of stage 4 had a significant difference with the other tissues of different stages (Figure 3A).
We also examined the expression pattern of EjFRI in specific tissues, including stems, leaves and flowers. EjFRI was expressed in all of these tissues, and it was the same as expression in Arabidopsis [14]. The highest and lowest expressions were observed in leaves and stems, respectively. In addition, there were significant differences among stems, leaves and flowers (Figure 3B). FLC is one of the two dominant genes in the vernalization pathway and could be directly activated by FRI, to delay flowering; it directly suppresses the expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), which is a floral pathway integrator [14,25]. Thus, the expression levels of EjFLC and EjFT were also analyzed. The result exhibited the highest level of EjFLC on July 17th, before flower initiation (Figure 3C). In specific tissues, the highest expression of EjFLC was detected in flowers. Meanwhile, the lowest expression of EjFLC was in leaves (Figure 3D), whereas the expression of EjFT was almost not expressed from June 17th to August 16th and in leaves (Figure 3E,F). The expression of EjFT began to increase on August 26th and showed high levels, which were maintained from stage 3 to stage 4 (Figure 3E).

2.3. Subcellular Localization of EjFRI

We generated 35S::EjFRI-GFP fusion protein to explore the subcellular localization of EjFRI. The 35S::EjFRI-GFP or 35S::GFP constructs harbored in Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells were transiently expressed in young leaves of tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana), respectively. The fluorescence from 35S::EjFRI-GFP was detected only in the nucleus, but 35S::GFP control was localized both in the cytoplasm and nucleus (Figure 4). These results declared that EjFRI is a nuclear-localized protein, which is consistent with other previous results showing that FRI is localized in the nucleus [14,20,26].

2.4. EdFRI Delays Flowering in Arabidopsis

To explore the function of EdFRI, we generated 35S::EjFRI conduct and then transformed the conduct into Arabidopsis wild-type (WT) ecotype Col-0. Screening and detecting with kanamycin-selected and PCR identification (Supplementary Figure S2), we got a total of twenty-two 35S::EjFRI transgenic lines in WT Arabidopsis plants. Three T3 homozygous 35S::EjFRI transgenic lines were used to survey the flowering phenotype. Under long-day conditions, 35S::EjFRI T3 transgenic lines delayed flowering compared to WT (Figure 5A). This is the same with the result of MsFRI-L [27]. The three transgenic lines flowered at 34.37, 34.54 and 34 days after germination, respectively, while WT plants flowered at 27.09 days (Figure 5B). The expression levels of EjFRI in transgenic plants were higher than those of WT plants. However, there was no significant difference between transgenic and WT plants in regard to the expression levels of Arabidopsis FRI (AtFRI) (Figure 5C,D). We also examined the transcript levels of AtFLC in WT and transgenic plants. The expression levels of AtFLC were upregulated in transgenic plants (Figure 5E). These results indicated that EjFRI delayed flowering time in Arabidopsis and contributed to upregulating the AtFLC.

3. Discussion

Recent advances in genomics of plants have allowed us to isolate several of the flowering-control genes. Some of these genes are homologous to those which were previously characterized in Arabidopsis, and these researches have shown that their functions are conserved. Although some of them are orthologous genes of Arabidopsis, they have distinct functions or are not found in Arabidopsis [11]. In this study, EjFRI is the FRI orthologs shown as the phylogenetic analysis and amino sequences alignment (Figure 1A,B), but the structure of EjFRI protein is different from Arabidopsis. In Arabidopsis, the predicted protein of FRI, which was isolated from winter annuals accessions, has yet to show a specific protein or protein domain in the known databases [28]. It was only predicted to contain coiled-coil domains [11,13,29]. In Brassica oleracea, two BoFRI genes, BolC.FRI.a and BolC.FRI.b, were isolated. They are both orthologous to AtFRI, but one of them does not have the similar predicted structure of AtFRI [19]. BolC.FRI.a contains two coiled-coil domains, which is similar to AtFRI. However, there was only one coiled-coil domain of BolC.FRI.b. Interestingly, we didn’t find this similar structure in EjFRI. This situation also occurred in MdFRI (XM_008373696.3) and PbFRI (XM_009364983.1), which were grouped into a small clade with EjFRI in the phylogenetic tree (Figure 1A), as predicted by COILS (http://www.ch.embnet.org/software/COILS_form.html) [30]. It was reported that the loss of a predicted coiled-coil of BolC.FRI.b was induced by lower homology to the conserved region of AtFRI [19]. It also can explain why there were no coiled-coil structures in EjFRI, MdFRI and PbFRI. Because Brassica and Arabidopsis genera are in the same family (Brassicaceae) [31,32,33] and they have a close genetic relationship with each other, their FRI structures are similar. However, although Eriobotrya, Malus and Pyrus genera are in the same family (Rosaceae) [22,34,35], they have a distant genetic relationship with Brassica and Arabidopsis (Figure 1A). Hence, it was possible that there was no coiled-coil structure in EjFRI.
Studies on winter annuals plants have shown that their flowering time would be strongly delayed unless they were vernalized [36,37]. FRI (FRIGIDA) is a major factor that prevents plants from flowering rapidly without vernalization [13,36]. Unlike other Rosaceae plants [38,39,40,41,42,43], which lived through winters for flowering in springs, the flowering of cultivated loquat is not blocked, and they will bloom in late-autumn or winter. In woody perennials, shoot meristem displays transitions between vegetative and reproductive development [8]. We assumed that EjFRI may play a different role during this transition because of the exceptional flowering character of cultivated loquat. Therefore, the expression of EjFRI in different shoot meristems and different stages of flowering was carried out to validate this assumption. As we had assumed, the expression of EjFRI was fluctuated and did not have a single peak or a high expressing period during the transition from vegetative to reproductive development (Figure 2 and Figure 3A). It indicated that EjFRI did not have a distinct enrichment before flower bud differentiation.
Interestingly, the expression of EjFRI reached a peak at stage 4, which was after the transition and before the full-bloom stage (Figure 2 and Figure 3A). Meanwhile, the loquat did not stop growth after stage 4; on the contrary, it continued to flower in one month, as usual. In Arabidopsis, AtFRI upregulates the expression of AtFLC and keeps it still at a high level, before vernalization, to delay flowering [10,11,44]. Although the highest expression of EjFRI was at stage 4, which was after flower bud differentiation and before the full-bloom stage, the loquat did not stop flowering in the cold winter as Arabidopsis. EjFRI probably plays roles in aspects of plant growth and development other than flowering [10]. Otherwise, FRI delays flowering by sustaining high expression levels of FLC, which encodes a MADS domain protein that suppresses flowering [23,45,46]. The expression of FLC would decrease in response to extended exposure to cold and remains low once FLC expression is reduced [44]. In our study, the expression of EjFLC enriched distinctly on July 17th and then remained low until the flower bloomed (Figure 3C). Although the low expression of EjFLC allowed the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth at the shoot apex (Figure 2A,B), it was not correlated with cold exposure, because the low expression of EjFLC began to decrease in the summer (Figure 3C). This phenomenon was also different from vernalization plants [12,39,47]. November 7th was the highest expression of EjFRI, and the expression of EjFLC was at a low level (Figure 3A,C), and this stage was after flower initiation (Figure 2A,B). It indicated that EjFRI was not directly upregulated for the expression of EjFLC to delay flowering, which was also different from the model plants [47,48,49]. Previous studies reported that FLC binds directly to the floral integrator gene FT to repress FT transcription [11,49]. In our study, EjFT was mainly detected in reproductive tissues, which was similar to the expression patterns of EdFT [4]. During the flowering development, the expression of EjFT increased from August 16th, when it was near to the date of flower initiation, and peaked on August 7th. It began to decrease when flowers were ready to fully bloom (Figure 2 and Figure 3E). The expression patterns of EjFT revealed that EjFT played a positive role in promoting flowering, which is similar to most of the identified FT homologs [50,51,52].
Previous studies have shown that FRI is widely distributed in different tissues which could perceive and transport the environmental signals, such as temperature and day length [10,14]. Moreover, in many plants, the environmental cues are important factors for the transition from vegetative to the reproductive stage [10]. In loquat, EjFRI was also expressed in different tissues of loquat, including stems, leaves and flowers. However, EjFRI exhibited some differences with the reported studies. Previously, in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), the expression of BnaA.FRI.a and BnaA.FRI.d ranged from barely detectable in stems and leaves to very high in flowers, and their expressions in flowers were markedly higher than in flower buds [53]. In Arabidopsis, the expression levels of FRI were similar in leaves and flowers [54]. On the contrary, in our study, EjFRI was detectable in stems and leaves, and there was a significant difference between leaves and flowers. These findings indicated that the expression patterns of FRI in different tissues may be related to the species.
Furthermore, FRI is a major determinant of flowering time in Arabidopsis, and it could directly activate FLC transcription to repress the expression of the floral activators, which are required to switch the shoot apical meristem from a vegetative to a reproductive fate, resulting in late flowering [45,47,48,49]. In our study, overexpression of EjFRI in Arabidopsis caused a late-flowering phenotype like the function of AtFRI (Figure 5A,B). This phenotype also occurred in transgenic Arabidopsis of FRI orthologous genes from Brassica oleracea and Thellungiella halophila when BolC.FRI.a and ThFRI were transformed into Columbia (Col-0), respectively [19,55,56]. We analyzed the relative expression of EjFRI and AtFRI at the same time to verify that the late-flowering phenotype was actually caused by EjFRI and not caused by AtFRI itself. The results indicated that the phenotype was genuinely induced by EjFRI (Figure 5C,D). In Arabidopsis, FRI delays flowering by upregulating its target gene, FLC [11,44,57]. Not surprisingly, EjFRI had also upregulated the expression of AtFRI (Figure 5E). We conclude that the data shown in our study could be deciphered through the functional conservation of FRI orthologs between E. japonica and other species [13,14,19,56].

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Plant Materials

The tissues used were collected from mature loquat trees over 5 years old, named “Changbai No.1”, which were grown under natural conditions in the experimental farm of Southwest University, Chongqing, China (29°80′N, 106°40′E). The tissues were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen after being collected. Col-0 (wild-type A. thaliana ecotype) was used for transgenic experiments. Nicotiana benthamiana was used for transient expression. Arabidopsis and Nicotiana were cultured under long-day conditions, which means 16 h of light and 8 h of dark, at 22 °C.

4.2. Gene Isolation and Sequence Analysis

Total RNA was obtained by using EASYspin Plant RNA Extraction kit (RN09, Aidlab, Beijing, China). RNA quality and concentration were detected with 1% RNase-free agarose gel electrophoresis and 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA), respectively. First-strand cDNA was synthesized by using a PrimeScriptTM RT reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser (RR047A, TAKARA, Japan). According to the conserved regions of other reported FRI orthologs, such as Malus x domestica (XM_008373696.3) and Pyrus x bretschneideri (XM_009364983.1), we isolated partial sequences of EjFRI with the specific primers (FRIF and FRIR). The nested PCR was performed in both 5’- and 3’-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Then, 2 μg of DNase I-treated RNA was serviced for 3’ RACE and 5’ RACE, using the 3’-Full RACE Core Set with PrimeScriptTM RTase (6101, TAKARA, Shiga, Japan) and SMARTer RACE 5’/3’ Kit Use Manual (Clontech, Mountain View, CA, USA). Finally, we designed the gene-specific primers (EjFRIF and EjFRIR) to amplify the full-length sequences named as EjFRI. All these PCR products were cloned into pMD19-T easy vector (TAKARA, Shiga, Japan) and then sequenced. The PCR primers mentioned above were listed in Supplementary Table S3.
Alignment of the deduced amino acid sequences was performed by using the ClustalW program. A phylogenic tree was constructed by using MEGA 5.0, under the Neighbor-Joining method, with 1000 bootstrap replicates. All the sequences used in the alignment and phylogenic tree are shown in Supplementary Table S2.

4.3. Vector Construction and Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR)

EjFRI coding regions were introduced into pBI121 (BD Biosciences Clontech, Mountain View, CA, USA), which is a binary vector, using XbaI and BamHI restriction enzymes (TAKARA, Shiga, Japan). For the transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana, 35S::EjFRI-GFP were constructed by cloning EjFRI into the modified pCAMBIA 1300-GFP vector, using BamHI and SalI restriction enzymes (TAKARA, Shiga, Japan) [58]. All the constructed vector were validated by sequencing and transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101-90 [59]. All the primers for vector constructions are shown in Supplementary Table S4.
Total RNA concentrations of different tissues were evaluated by using a Nano Drop 2000 Spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Wilmington, DE, USA). First-strand cDNA was synthesized from 2 μg of DNase I-treated RNA, using a PrimeScriptTM RT reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser (RR047A, TAKARA, Shiga, Japan). Then, qRT-PCR was performed on qTOWER3 G (Analytik Jena, Jena, Germany), using the NovoStart® SYBR qPCR SuperMix Plus (E096-01A, novoprotein, Shanghai, China). The PCR system was followed: 95 °C for 30 s, followed by 40 cycles of 95 °C for 20 s and 56 °C for 1 min, and a melt cycle from 65 to 95 °C. After that, qEjFRI-F/R were used for detecting the spatiotemporal expression of EjFRI. As an internal control, the actin gene, qEjactin-F/R (JN004223), was used to normalized small differences in samples [60]. The gene expression level was analyzed by the 2−∆∆Ct method described by Livak and Schmittegen [61]. The tissues of stage I–VIII were collected every 10 days after harvesting fruits until flower initiation. The tissues of stages IX–XIV (S1–S6), which represent different developmental flowers, were collected according to Jing et al. [62]. The stems, leaves and flowers used in B, D and F were collected on the same day, which was the full-bloom stage (November 23th). The primers of EjFLC for qRT-PCR were designed at the most conserved regions of the sequences of MdFLC (GenBank XM_008356596.2) and PpFLC (GenBank KP164015.1). The primers of EjFT for qRT-PCR referred to the previous report [4]. The primers used for spatiotemporal expression are shown in Supplementary Table S5.

4.4. Arabidopsis Transformation and Subcellular Localization Analysis

The 35S::EjFRI plasmids were transformed into Arabidopsis wild-type Col-0 by floral-dip method [63]. The seeds of transgene lines were selected on 1/2 MS medium with 50 μg/mL kanamycin. After 2 days of treatment at 4 °C, they were transferred to the long-day chambers (16 h light/8 h dark), at 22 °C, for 10 days. Then positive plants were transplanted in soil. T3 homozygous lines were used for observing phenotype and checking ectopic gene expression. The transgenic lines were detected by PCR and qRT-PCR analysis. The primers of 35S::EjFRI construct, which were TFRIF and TFRIR (Table S3), were used for PCR identification. The primers of qRT-PCR analysis were qRTEjFRI-F/R, qRTAtFRI-F/R and qRTAtFLC-F/R, respectively. The results were normalized against the expression of TUB2 [25]. The qRT-PCR system was mentioned above. The leaves of WT and transgenic plants that were collected after flower bloom were used for qRT-PCR analysis. These primers used for qRT-PCR were shown in Supplementary Table S4.
To observe the subcellular localization of EjFRI, Agrobacterium-mediated transient of N. benthamiana leaves was used. The fluorescence signals of green fluorescent protein (GFP) were detected, using a fluorescence microscope Observer DP80 (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). At the same time, a GFP-free construct was used as a negative control.

4.5. Data Analysis

Significant analysis in this study was executed by the Tukey–Kramer, Student t-test and SPSS software.

5. Conclusions

In this study, EjFRI was isolated, and its expression pattern and functional characterization of EjFRI were analyzed. As a special member of the Rosacea family, the E. japonica blooms without a long-time cold treatment. The expression levels of EjFRI did not have a significant enrichment before flower initiation, and the peak of the expression levels was during flower development. EjFRI was also not directly upregulated by the expression of EjFLC, which is its downstream gene that could regulate the transition from vegetative to reproductive development. These findings indicated that the expression pattern of EjFRI was different from the model plants and vernalization plants. We wonder if these differences may be caused by the distinct character of loquat or the far genetic relationship with the model plant. In addition, ectopic expression of EjFRI delayed flowering time and upregulated AtFLC in the transgenic lines. Our work improves our knowledge of FRI orthologous genes in E. japonica and provides a foundation for us to perform further investigations, to explore the molecular regulation mechanism of EjFRI in loquat.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary materials can be found at https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/3/1087/s1.

Author Contributions

W.C. and P.W. preformed the experiments and drafted the manuscript; D.W. and M.S. contributed to subcellular localization; Y.X., Q.H., J.D. and D.J. edited the manuscript; D.J. and G.L. supervised the project; Q.G. and G.L. provided tissues and laboratory facilities. All authors read and approved of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2019YFD1000200), Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31800600), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (XDJK2019AA001 and XDJK2019D040), Innovation Research Group Funds for Chongqing Universities (CXQT19005), Key Projects of Chongqing Science and Technology Commission (cstc2018jscx-mszdX0054).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Sanchez-Moreno, C. Review: Methods Used to Evaluate the Free Radical Scavenging Activity in Foods and Biological Systems. Food Sci. Technol. Int. 2002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Fornara, F.; de Montaigu, A.; Coupland, G. SnapShot: Control of Flowering in Arabidopsis. Cell 2010, 141, 550. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  3. Jiang, Y.Y.; Peng, J.R.; Zhu, Y.M.; Su, W.B.; Zhang, L.; Jing, Y.; Lin, S.Q.; Gao, Y.S. The Role of EjSOC1s in Flower Initiation in Eriobotrya japonica. Front. Plant Sci. 2019, 10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  4. Zhang, L.; Yu, H.; Lin, S.Q.; Gao, Y.S. Molecular Characterization of FT and FD Homologs from Eriobotrya deflexa Nakai forma koshunensis. Front. Plant Sci. 2016, 7, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  5. Zhang, L.; Jiang, Y.; Zhu, Y.; Su, W.; Long, T.; Huang, T.; Peng, J.; Yu, H.; Lin, S.; Gao, Y. Functional characterization of GI and CO homologs from Eriobotrya deflexa Nakai forma koshunensis. Plant Cell Rep. 2019, 38, 533–543. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Liu, Y.; Song, H.; Liu, Z.; Hu, G.; Lin, S. Molecular characterization of loquat EjAP1 gene in relation to flowering. Plant Growth Regul. 2013, 70, 287–296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Esumi, T.; Tao, R.; Yonemori, K. Isolation of LEAFY and TERMINAL FLOWER 1 homologues from six fruit tree species in the subfamily Maloideae of the Rosaceae. Sex. Plant Reprod. 2005, 17, 277–287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Reig, C.; Gil-Muñoz, F.; Vera-Sirera, F.; García-Lorca, A.; Martínez-Fuentes, A.; Mesejo, C.; Pérez-Amador, M.A.; Agustí, M. Bud sprouting and floral induction and expression of FT in loquat [Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.]. Planta 2017, 246, 915–925. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Jiang, Y.; Peng, J.; Zhang, Z.; Lin, S.; Lin, S.; Yang, X. The Role of EjSVPs in Flower Initiation in Eriobotrya japonica. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 5933. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  10. Amasino, R. Seasonal and developmental timing of flowering. Plant J. 2010, 61, 1001–1013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Andres, F.; Coupland, G. The genetic basis of flowering responses to seasonal cues. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2012, 13, 627–639. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Wellmer, F.; Riechmann, J.L. Gene networks controlling the initiation of flower development. Trends in Genet. 2010, 26, 519–527. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Johanson, U.; West, J.; Lister, C.; Michaels, S.; Amasino, R.; Dean, C. Molecular Analysis of FRIGIDA, a Major Determinant of Natural Variation in Arabidopsis Flowering Time. Science 2000, 290, 344–347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Kong, X.; Luo, L.; Zhao, J.; Chen, Q.; Chang, G.; Huang, J.; Yang, Y.; Hu, X. Expression of FRIGIDA in root inhibits flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana. J. Exp. Botany 2019, 70, 5101–5114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Kim, D.H.; Doyle, M.R.; Sung, S.; Amasino, R.M. Vernalization: Winter and the Timing of Flowering in Plants. Ann. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 2009, 25, 277–299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  16. Koornneef, M.; Vries, B.D.; Hanhart, C.; Soppe, W.; Peeters, T. The phenotype of some late flowering mutants is enhanced by a locus on chromosome 5 that is not effective in Landsberg electra wild type. Plant J. 1994, 6, 911–919. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Lee, I.; Michaels, S.D.; Masshardt, A.S.; Amasino, R.M. The late-flowering phenotype of FRIGIDA and mutations in LUMINIDEPENDENS is suppressed in the landsberg erecta strain of Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2003, 6, 903–909. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Michaels, S.D.; Edward, H.; Yeol, K.S.; Schomburg, F.M.; Amasino, R.M. Integration of flowering signals in winter-annual Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2005, 137, 149–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  19. Irwin, J.A.; Lister, C.; Soumpourou, E.; Zhang, Y.W.; Howell, E.C.; Teakle, G.; Dean, C. Functional alleles of the flowering time regulator FRIGIDA in the Brassica oleracea genome. BMC Plant Biol. 2012, 12, 21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  20. Geraldo, N.; Bäurle, I.; Kidou, S.-i.; Hu, X.; Dean, C. FRIGIDA Delays Flowering in Arabidopsis via a Cotranscriptional Mechanism Involving Direct Interaction with the Nuclear Cap-Binding Complex. Plant Physiol. 2009, 150, 1611–1618. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  21. Cao, S.; Yang, Z.; Zheng, Y. Sugar metabolism in relation to chilling tolerance of loquat fruit. Food Chem. 2013, 136, 139–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Lin, S.; Sharpe, R.H.; Janick, J. Loquat: Botany and Horticulture; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Michaels, D.S. Loss of FLOWERING LOCUS C Activity Eliminates the Late-Flowering Phenotype of FRIGIDA and Autonomous Pathway Mutations but Not Responsiveness to Vernalization. Plant Cell 2001, 13, 935–942. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  24. Choi, K.; Kim, J.; Hwang, H.-J.; Kim, S.; Park, C.; Kim, S.Y.; Lee, I. The FRIGIDA Complex Activates Transcription of FLC, a Strong Flowering Repressor in Arabidopsis, by Recruiting Chromatin Modification Factors. Plant Cell 2011, 23, 289–303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  25. Yan, Y.; Shen, L.; Chen, Y.; Bao, S.; Thong, Z.; Yu, H. A MYB-Domain Protein EFM Mediates Flowering Responses to Environmental Cues in Arabidopsis. Dev. Cell 2014, 30, 437–448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  26. Hu, X.; Kong, X.; Wang, C.; Ma, L.; Zhao, J.; Wei, J.; Zhang, X.; Loake, G.J.; Zhang, T.; Huang, J.; et al. Proteasome-Mediated Degradation of FRIGIDA Modulates Flowering Time in Arabidopsis during Vernalization. Plant Cell 2014, 26, 4763–4781. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  27. Chao, Y.; Yang, Q.; Kang, J.; Zhang, T.; Sun, Y. Expression of the alfalfa FRIGIDA-Like Gene, MsFRI-L delays flowering time in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol. Biol. Rep. 2013, 40, 2083–2090. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Whittaker, C.; Dean, C. The FLC Locus: A Platform for Discoveries in Epigenetics and Adaptation. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 2017, 33, 555–575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Michaels, S.D.; Bezerra, I.C.; Amasino, R.M.; Koornneef, M. FRIGIDA-Related Genes Are Required for the Winter-Annual Habit in Arabidopsis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101, 3281–3285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  30. Lupas, A.; Dyke, M.V.; Stock, J. Predicting Coiled Coils from Protein Sequences. Science 1991, 252, 1162–1164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Parkin, I.A.P.; Gulden, S.M.; Sharpe, A.G.; Lukens, L.; Trick, M.; Osborn, T.C.; Lydiate, D.J. Segmental Structure of the Brassica napus Genome Based on Comparative Analysis With Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetics 2005, 171, 765–781. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  32. Schranz, M.E.; Lysak, M.A.; Mitchell-Olds, T. The ABC’s of comparative genomics in the Brassicaceae: Building blocks of crucifer genomes. Trends in Plant Sci. 2006, 11, 535–542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  33. Mun, J.H.; Kwon, S.J.; Seol, Y.J.; Kim, J.A.; Jin, M.; Kim, J.S.; Lim, M.H.; Lee, S.I.; Hong, J.K.; Park, T.H.; et al. Sequence and structure of Brassica rapa chromosome A3. Genome Biol. 2010, 11, R94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  34. Gutin, A.; Vecchietti, A.; Chen, Z.; Sterck, L.; Gardiner, S.E.; Cestaro, A.; Niazi, F.; Bus, V.; Rouzé, P.; Lespinasse, Y.; et al. The genome of the domesticated apple ( Malus × domestica Borkh.). Nat. Genet. 2010, 42, 833–839. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Wu, J.; Wang, Z.W.; Shi, Z.B.; Zhang, S.; Ming, R.; Zhu, S.L.; Khan, M.A.; Tao, S.T.; Korban, S.S.; Wang, H.; et al. The genome of the pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.). Genome Res. 2013, 23, 396–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  36. Lempe, J.; Balasubramanian, S.; Sureshkumar, S.; Singh, A.; Schmid, M.; Weigel, D. Diversity of flowering responses in wild Arabidopsis thaliana strains. PLoS Genet. 2005, 1, 109–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Sung, S.; Amasino, R.M. Vernalization and epigenetics: how plants remember winter. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2004, 7, 4–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Kumar, G.; Arya, P.; Gupta, K.; Randhawa, V.; Acharya, V.; Singh, A.K. Comparative phylogenetic analysis and transcriptional profiling of MADS-box gene family identified DAM and FLC-like genes in apple (Malus x domestica). Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 20695. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  39. Nishiyama, S.; Matsushita, M.C.; Yamane, H.; Honda, C.; Okada, K.; Tamada, Y.; Moriya, S.; Tao, R. Functional and expressional analyses of apple FLC-like in relation to dormancy progress and flower bud development. Tree Physiol. 2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Rios, G.; Leida, C.; Conejero, A.; Badenes, M.L. Epigenetic regulation of bud dormancy events in perennial plants. Front. Plant Sci. 2014, 5, 247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Niu, Q.F.; Li, J.Z.; Cai, D.Y.; Qian, M.J.; Jia, H.M.; Bai, S.L.; Hussain, S.; Liu, G.Q.; Teng, Y.W.; Zheng, X.Y. Dormancy-associated MADS-box genes and microRNAs jointly control dormancy transition in pear (Pyrus pyrifolia white pear group) flower bud. J. Exp. Botany 2016, 67, 239–257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  42. Ruiz, D.; Campoy, J.A.; Egea, J. Chilling and heat requirements of apricot cultivars for flowering. Envir. Exp. Botany 2007, 61, 254–263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Leida, C.; Conesa, A.; Llácer, G.; Badenes, M.L.; Ríos, G. Histone modifications and expression of DAM6 gene in peach are modulated during bud dormancy release in a cultivar-dependent manner. New Phytol. 2012, 193, 67–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Mouradov, A.; Cremer, F.; Coupland, G. Control of Flowering Time: Interacting Pathways as a Basis for Diversity. Plant Cell 2002, 14, S111–S130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  45. Sheldon, C.C.; Burn, J.E.; Perez, P.P.; Metzger, J.; Edwards, J.A.; Peacock, W.J.; Dennis, E.S. The FLF MADS Box Gene: A Repressor of Flowering in Arabidopsis Regulated by Vernalization and Methylation. Plant Cell 1999, 11, 445–458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  46. Michaels, S.D.; Amasino, R.M. FLOWERING LOCUS C Encodes a Novel MADS Domain Protein That Acts as a Repressor of Flowering. Plant Cell 1999, 11, 949–956. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  47. Searle, I.; He, Y.H.; Turck, F.; Vincent, C.; Fornara, F.; Krober, S.; Amasino, R.A.; Coupland, G. The transcription factor FLC confers a flowering response to vernalization by repressing meristem competence and systemic signaling in Arabidopsis. Genes Dev. 2006, 20, 898–912. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  48. Ravenscroft, D.; Hepworth, S.R.; Mouradov, A.; Coupland, G.; Valverde, F. Antagonistic regulation of flowering-time gene SOC1 by CONSTANS and FLC via separate promoter motifs. EMBO J. 2002, 21, 4327–4337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  49. Helliwell, C.A.; Wood, C.C.; Robertson, M.; James Peacock, W.; Dennis, E.S. The Arabidopsis FLC protein interacts directly in vivo with SOC1 and FT chromatin and is part of a high-molecular-weight protein complex. Plant J. 2006, 46, 183–192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Pin, P.A.; Benlloch, R.; Bonnet, D.; Wremerth-Weich, E.; Kraft, T.; Jan, J.L.G.; Nilsson, O.; Sveriges, l. An Antagonistic Pair of FT Homologs Mediates the Control of Flowering Time in Sugar Beet. Science 2010, 330, 1397–1400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Hsu, C.-Y.; Adams, J.P.; Kim, H.; No, K.; Ma, C.; Strauss, S.H.; Drnevich, J.; Vandervelde, L.; Ellis, J.D.; Rice, B.M.; et al. FLOWERING LOCUS T duplication coordinates reproductive and vegetative growth in perennial poplar. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2011, 108, 10756–10761. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  52. Turck, F.; Fornara, F.; Coupland, G. Regulation and identity of florigen: FLOWERING LOCUS T moves center stage. Ann. Rev. Plant Biol. 2008, 59, 573–594. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  53. Wang, N.; Qian, W.; Suppanz, I.; Wei, L.; Mao, B.; Long, Y.; Meng, J.; Müller, A.E.; Jung, C. Flowering time variation in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is associated with allelic variation in the FRIGIDA homologue BnaA.FRI.a. J. Exp. Botany 2011, 62, 5641–5658. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  54. Risk, J.M.; Laurie, R.E.; Macknight, R.C.; Day, C.L. FRIGIDA and related proteins have a conserved central domain and family specific N- and C- terminal regions that are functionally important. Plant Mol. Biol. 2010, 73, 493–505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  55. Schmalenbach, I.; Zhang, L.; Ryngajllo, M.; Jimenez-Gomez, J.M. Functional analysis of the Landsberg erecta allele of FRIGIDA. BMC Plant Biol. 2014, 14, 218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Fang, Q.; Liu, J.; Xu, Z.; Song, R. Cloning and characterization of a flowering time gene from Thellungiella halophila. Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sinica 2008, 40, 747–753. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Vieira, N.G.; Ferrari, I.F.; de Rezende, J.C.; Mayer, J.L.S.; Mondego, J.M.C. Homeologous regulation of Frigida-like genes provides insights on reproductive development and somatic embryogenesis in the allotetraploid Coffea arabica. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 1–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Liu, H.; Huang, R.; Ma, J.; Sui, S.; Guo, Y.; Liu, D.; Li, Z.; Lin, Y.; Li, M. Two C3H Type Zinc Finger Protein Genes, CpCZF1 and CpCZF2, from Chimonanthus praecox Affect Stamen Development in Arabidopsis. Genes 2017, 8, 199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  59. Jiang, M.; Shen, X.; Liu, Z.; Zhang, D.; Wen, L.; Liang, H.; Wang, Y.; He, Z.; Chen, F. Isolation and Characterization ofAGAMOUS-LikeGenes Associated with Double-Flower Morphogenesis inKerria japonica(Rosaceae). Front. Plant Sci. 2018, 9, 959. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  60. Jiang, S.A.; Luo, J.; Xu, F.J.; Zhang, X.Y. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Candidate Genes Involved in Gibberellin-Induced Fruit Setting in Triploid Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica). Front. Plant Sci. 2016, 7, 1924. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  61. Livak, K.J.; Schmittgen, T.D. Analysis of Relative Gene Expression Data Using Real-Time Quantitative PCR and the 2−ΔΔCT Method. Methods 2001, 25, 402–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  62. Jing, D.; Chen, W.; Shi, M.; Wang, D.; Xia, Y.; He, Q.; Dang, J.; Guo, Q.; Liang, G. Ectopic expression of an Eriobotrya japonica APETALA3 ortholog rescues the petal and stamen identities in Arabidopsis ap3-3 mutant. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  63. Clough, S.J.; Bent, A.F. Floral dip: A simplified method for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 1998, 16, 735–743. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
Ijms 21 01087 g001 550
Figure 1. Sequence analysis of EjFRI. (A) Phylogenetic analysis of EjFRI protein orthologs. Sources of the orthologous proteins are indicated in Supplementary Table S2. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (1000 replicates) is shown next to the branches. Bootstrap values >50 are shown on the tree. (B) Comparison of amino acid sequences of EjFRI with other reported FRIGIDA-like proteins in NCBI database. Amino acid residues identical to EjFRI are indicated as dots. To optimize the alignment, dashes were introduced into the sequence.
Figure 1. Sequence analysis of EjFRI. (A) Phylogenetic analysis of EjFRI protein orthologs. Sources of the orthologous proteins are indicated in Supplementary Table S2. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (1000 replicates) is shown next to the branches. Bootstrap values >50 are shown on the tree. (B) Comparison of amino acid sequences of EjFRI with other reported FRIGIDA-like proteins in NCBI database. Amino acid residues identical to EjFRI are indicated as dots. To optimize the alignment, dashes were introduced into the sequence.
Ijms 21 01087 g001
Ijms 21 01087 g002 550
Figure 2. The morphology of tissues from June 17th to blooming. (A) June 17th to November 23th indicated the date for collecting apical buds. S1–S6 indicated the different stages of flowering development. S1: Floral meristems initiation. S2: Rapid panicle elongation. S3: Visible floral buds. S4: Branches of a panicle elongation. S5: White corollas of floral buds. S6: Full bloom. Red bars indicated the tissues of this stage. (B) Microscopic observations of apical buds for August 26th, S1 (9.06) and S2 (9.24).
Figure 2. The morphology of tissues from June 17th to blooming. (A) June 17th to November 23th indicated the date for collecting apical buds. S1–S6 indicated the different stages of flowering development. S1: Floral meristems initiation. S2: Rapid panicle elongation. S3: Visible floral buds. S4: Branches of a panicle elongation. S5: White corollas of floral buds. S6: Full bloom. Red bars indicated the tissues of this stage. (B) Microscopic observations of apical buds for August 26th, S1 (9.06) and S2 (9.24).
Ijms 21 01087 g002
Ijms 21 01087 g003 550
Figure 3. Relative expression patterns of EjFRI in loquat. (A,C,E) Relative expression levels of EjFRI, EjFLC and EjFT in the developmental stages of apical buds. Roman numerals (I–XIV) in the X-axis indicated the developmental stages of apical buds (see Figure 2). (B,D,F) Expression pattern of EjFRI, EjFLC and EjFT in different tissues of loquat. The stems, leaves and flowers used in B, D and F were collected on the same day, which was the full-bloom stage (November 23th). Data presented mean ± SD of three biological replicates. Letters above the bars indicate significant differences at p < 0.05 (Tukey–Kramer test).
Figure 3. Relative expression patterns of EjFRI in loquat. (A,C,E) Relative expression levels of EjFRI, EjFLC and EjFT in the developmental stages of apical buds. Roman numerals (I–XIV) in the X-axis indicated the developmental stages of apical buds (see Figure 2). (B,D,F) Expression pattern of EjFRI, EjFLC and EjFT in different tissues of loquat. The stems, leaves and flowers used in B, D and F were collected on the same day, which was the full-bloom stage (November 23th). Data presented mean ± SD of three biological replicates. Letters above the bars indicate significant differences at p < 0.05 (Tukey–Kramer test).
Ijms 21 01087 g003
Ijms 21 01087 g004 550
Figure 4. Subcellular localization of EjFRI. GFP, GFP fluorescence; 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining indicates nuclear localization; BF, bright-field; Merged, merged image of GFP and DAPI. Scale bars = 20 μm in 35S::EjFRI-GFP and 50 μm in 35S::GFP.
Figure 4. Subcellular localization of EjFRI. GFP, GFP fluorescence; 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining indicates nuclear localization; BF, bright-field; Merged, merged image of GFP and DAPI. Scale bars = 20 μm in 35S::EjFRI-GFP and 50 μm in 35S::GFP.
Ijms 21 01087 g004
Ijms 21 01087 g005 550
Figure 5. Overexpression of EjFRI delayed flowering Arabidopsis. (A) Transgenic plants delayed flowering compared to WT. (B) Flowering time grown under LD condition (Error bars indicating SD from 20 plants). (C,D,E) Expression levels of EjFRI, AtFRI and AtFLC in WT and transgenic plants (data represent mean ± SD of three biological replicates). The leaves of WT and transgenic plants were collected after flower bloom and used for qRT-PCR analysis. Asterisks indicate significant differences between WT and transgenic plants, ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001, by Student’s t-test.
Figure 5. Overexpression of EjFRI delayed flowering Arabidopsis. (A) Transgenic plants delayed flowering compared to WT. (B) Flowering time grown under LD condition (Error bars indicating SD from 20 plants). (C,D,E) Expression levels of EjFRI, AtFRI and AtFLC in WT and transgenic plants (data represent mean ± SD of three biological replicates). The leaves of WT and transgenic plants were collected after flower bloom and used for qRT-PCR analysis. Asterisks indicate significant differences between WT and transgenic plants, ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001, by Student’s t-test.
Ijms 21 01087 g005

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Chen, W.; Wang, P.; Wang, D.; Shi, M.; Xia, Y.; He, Q.; Dang, J.; Guo, Q.; Jing, D.; Liang, G. EjFRI, FRIGIDA (FRI) Ortholog from Eriobotrya japonica, Delays Flowering in Arabidopsis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 1087. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21031087

AMA Style

Chen W, Wang P, Wang D, Shi M, Xia Y, He Q, Dang J, Guo Q, Jing D, Liang G. EjFRI, FRIGIDA (FRI) Ortholog from Eriobotrya japonica, Delays Flowering in Arabidopsis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(3):1087. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21031087

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen, Weiwei, Peng Wang, Dan Wang, Min Shi, Yan Xia, Qiao He, Jiangbo Dang, Qigao Guo, Danlong Jing, and Guolu Liang. 2020. "EjFRI, FRIGIDA (FRI) Ortholog from Eriobotrya japonica, Delays Flowering in Arabidopsis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 3: 1087. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21031087

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop